Enterprise Architecture Essay Example for Free

Endeavor Architecture Essay 1) The three key controls used to adequately build a Foundation of Execution are: Operating Model This directs the degree of business process incorporation and normalization for conveying products and enterprises to clients. Procedure Integration portrays the degree to which specialty units share information and empowers start to finish and a solitary interface for the client The Operating Model includes a promise to how the organization will work Venture Architecture This is the sorting out rationale for business procedures and IT foundation which mirrors the joining and normalization necessities of the company’s working model. The Enterprise Architecture gives a drawn out perspective on a company’s procedure, frameworks, and advancements so as to assemble long haul reasonable capacities. IT Engagement Model The IT Engagement Model is the administration system that guarantees business and IT anticipates accomplish both nearby and companywide destinations. This Model impacts ventures choices guaranteeing that singular arrangements are structured by the undertaking engineering. The IT Engagement Model gives arrangement among IT and the business targets of tasks. 2) The Enterprise Architecture imparts the significant level business procedure and IT necessities of a company’s working model. This varies from IT Architecture to the level of granularity that is introduced. Undertaking Architecture doesn't give the vital subtleties to delineate specialized or procedure plan prerequisites. The IT Architecture created by the IT unit is an increasingly definite engineering of utilizations, information and data, and innovation. IT Architecture when created with an away from of the Enterprise Architecture gives long haul esteem since they give the drawn out vision to quick arrangements. 3) The current market patterns and speed at which innovation and the serious scene is continually changes make it hard for companiesâ to have the option to adjust and endure. Complex Information frameworks limit organizations from having the option to adjust so as to contend or use new innovation and ideas. Organizations without a strong establishment face the accompanying dangers: The impacts of developing intricacy on business activities The weight that dexterity puts the establishment of execution Role of business discipline in current national and worlds of politics Role of expenses without establishment of execution Business readiness progressively relies upon a Foundation of Execution. Actualizing normalize, digitized forms brings about more straightforward innovation conditions, lower cost activities and more noteworthy readiness. 4) A working model has two measurements: business process normalization and reconciliation. Organizations are described into the accompanying Operating Models: Broadening: Low Standardization, Low Integration Coordination: Low Standardization, High Integration Replication: High Standardization, Low Integration Unification: High Standardization, High Integration Models: a. Unification Model †Delta Airlines Comprised of numerous IT stages incapable to speak with one another Management and IT staff arrived at a typical comprehension of what capacities the organization would create to help future procedures. So as to make an unmistakable vision the board characterized four center procedures. b. Enhancement Model †Carlson Companies Each of Carlson’s arrangement of organizations run pretty much autonomously of one another. Carlson’s endeavor engineering center outline shares specialized foundation administrations while the specialty units hold power over nearby business procedures and IT applications c. Coordination Model †MetLife MetLife’s system and working model concentrated on giving coordinated client support across items. This necessary extraction of client data and making it halfway accessible d. Replication Model †ING DIRECT ING DIRECT’s administration modules digitize normalized forms over its specialty units. The ID of significant assistance classifications assists the board with understanding existing capacities and target new chances. 5) The four phases of Architecture Maturity are: Business Silo Architecture: where organizations hope to augment singular specialty unit needs or utilitarian needs Normalized Technology Architecture: giving IT efficiencies through innovation normalization and, much of the time, expanded centralization of innovation the board Advanced center engineering: gives companywide information and procedure normalization as suitable for the working model Business Modularity Architecture: where organizations oversee and reuse inexactly coupled IT-empowered business process parts to save worldwide gauges while empowering nearby contrasts 6) The vital ramifications of the four design stages are as per the following: Business Silos †Local/Functional enhancement Normalized Technology/IT proficiency Streamlined center/Business Operational proficiency Business Modularity/Strategic Agility 7) The three fundamental fixings 0f the IT Engagement Model: Companywide IT administration: choice rights and responsibility system to support attractive conduct in its utilization Project the board: formalizedâ project approach, with clear expectations and customary checkpoints Linking instruments: procedures and dynamic bodies that adjust motivating forces and interface the venture level exercises to the general IT administration. 8) IT administration is the choice rights and responsibility structure for empowering attractive practices in its utilization. IT administration reflects more extensive corporate administration standards while concentrating on the administration and utilization of IT to accomplish corporate execution objectives. IT administration envelops five significant choice territories identified with the administration and utilization of IT in a firm, which should all be driven by the working model: I. IT standards: significant level choices about the key job of IT in the business II. Venture engineering: the sorting out rationale for business procedures and IT foundation III. IT framework: midway organized, shared IT administrations giving piece of the establishment of execution IV. Business application needs: business prerequisites for bought or inside created IT applications that both use and fabricate the establishment for execution V. Prioritization and venture: choices about how much and where to put resources into IT, including venture endorsement and defense methods. 9) Linking systems is the third basic element of the IT commitment model. Connecting systems interface companywide administration and ventures. Great IT administration guarantees that there’s clear bearing on the most proficient method to advance the company’s establishment. Great venture the board guarantees that tasks are executed adequately, productively, and in a predictable way to boost learning. Great connecting systems guarantee that ventures gradually assemble the company’s establishment and that the plan of the company’s establishment is educated by ventures. There are three sorts of connecting instruments (engineering linkage, business linkage, and arrangement linkage) that address the key arrangement and coordination worries of the organization. Engineering Linkage builds up and refreshes guidelines, audits ventures for consistence, and affirms special cases. Engineering linkage associates the IT administration choices about engineering with venture plan choices. Business linkage guarantees that business objectives are made an interpretation of adequately into projectâ goals. Business linkage organizes ventures, associates them to bigger change endeavors, and concentrates extends on tackling explicit issues in the most ideal manner. Arrangement linkage systems guarantee continuous correspondence and exchange among IT and business concerns. Business IT relationship troughs and Business unit CIOs are ordinarily a basic linkage fro interpreting to and fro between business objectives and IT imperatives. 10) The three elements of commitment that make business esteem are IT administration, Project the executives and Linking systems. Clear, explicit, and significant targets: In request to be successful, IT commitment models explain key goals so normalization and coordination necessities are clear. Inspiration to meet organization objectives: Formal impetuses, for example, extra plans, yearly surveys, and so on help guarantee center from specialty unit pioneers and undertaking chiefs on organization, specialty unit and task objectives Implementation authority: Formal requirements, for example, corresponding to formal impetuses help fabricate an effort’s believability. Requirement gives a procedure to evolving, suspending, or giving an exemption to a venture that isn't agreeable with the objective undertaking design. Early Intervention and anticipation: In request to forestall awful arrangements structure being stooped, IT bunches draw in with business ventures during the soonest phases of advancement to keep terrible arrangements from being planned in any case and furthermore to figure out how to improve target engineering. Straightforward, customary, two-way correspondence: Good commitment guarantees that everybody is sure about how the model functions. Arrangement and coordination are accomplished and kept up through standard discourse among business and IT and across specialty units.

Moby Dick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moby Dick - Essay Example On the other hand, Starbuck had ethics which gave him restricting quality and a more respectable destruction than Ahab. The two men had a couple of similitudes and were confronted with similar difficulties in whaling, the nonattendance and nearness of ethics drove the men to manage the circumstance in various manners, and eventually to unmistakable ends. To expound the postulation, we can see numerous occasions accessible in the content. In Chapter cxxvi The Life-Buoy, when they were on a journey to a rough island, 'the bodings of the group were bound to get a most conceivable affirmation in the destiny of one of their number that morning' (p.517), there is sure article of imminent occasion that signals something to occur in future. To be sure, in some sort, they were not lamented at this occasion, at any rate as an omen; for they respected it, not as a hinting of wickedness later on, yet as the satisfaction of a malevolent previously foretold. They proclaimed that now they knew the explanation of those wild yells they had heard the prior night. Be that as it may, again the old Manxman said nay. (p.518) The scene is depicted 'as the unsetting polar star, which through the whole, cold, a half year's night supports its piercing, consistent, focal look; so Ahab's motivation currently steadily shined downward on the steady 12 PM of the melancholy group.' Furthermore, they feel as though 'it domineered above them along these lines, that every one of their bodings, questions, qualms, fears, were fain to cover up underneath their spirits, and not sprout forward a solitary lance or leaf.' (p.528) Whenever saw fundamentally and logically, it might be asserted that In this portending interim as well, all silliness, constrained or regular, evaporated. Stubb no more endeavored to raise a grin; Starbuck no more endeavored to check one. The same, satisfaction and distress, expectation and dread, appeared ground to best residue, and powdered, for the time, in the braced mortar of Ahab's iron soul. Like machines, they moronically moved about the deck, ever cognizant that the elderly person's autocrat eye was on them. (p.528) Everybody begins at a typical point yet takes off at various paces and on various streets. Ahab and Starbuck were commonly the equivalent in fundamental perspectives. To start with, both of the men had solid convictions. Ahab trusted Moby Dick was malevolent and was bound to pass on at his hands. This conviction was solid to such an extent that it prompted fixation and devastation. Along these lines, Starbuck's solid faith in God prompted his obliteration for it kept him from settling on the choice to murder Ahab and kept him from wrecking the whole group. Second, Ahab and Starbuck both had a family. Aside from the entirety of their whaling, their spouses and children were calmly sitting tight at home for their husbands' arrival from the journey. Third, the two of them shared a typical love for the ocean Although crazed; Ahab despite everything adored the sea that he consumed a lot of his time on earth in. He communicated his affection for the ocean a few times on his last whaling journey commenting that the it's excellence alleviated him. Starbuck went through a lot of his time on earth on the sea also and making the most of its experiences and magnificence. In Chapter xxvi, Knights And Squires, Starbuck even regarded the ocean occupants and he

Coping With Your Partners Family When You Have BPD

Coping With Your Partners Family When You Have BPD BPD Living With BPD Print Coping With Your Partners Family When You Have BPD By Erin Johnston, LCSW Erin Johnston, LCSW is a therapist, counselor, coach, and mediator with a private practice in Chicago, Illinois. Learn about our editorial policy Erin Johnston, LCSW Updated on May 21, 2019 JodiJacobson / Getty Images More in BPD Living With BPD Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions Joining someone’s family as a result of a serious long-term relationship is not always easy. You choose your partner, not his or her family, but you are still connected to his family after marriage whether you like it or not. Your spouse will have expectations on the continued involvement of each family member which can add pressure to your relationship. This alone can trigger uncomfortable feelings for anyone, but if you have borderline personality disorder, you may have the added difficulty of struggling to relate to these new people. It can be frustrating for you when her partner wants to have close relationships with his family members, especially if you find out your spouse was mistreated by them in the past. You may believe that your partner is making excuses and not seeing the family in a true light. You may also feel tense if you feel that your partners family rejects or judges you. These feelings of rejection may result from any number of things, including the belief that they dislike you, doubt your competency or question your parenting decisions and abilities. No matter how hard you may wish otherwise, your in-laws arent going anywhere. Its important for the sake of your own health and the health of your marriage that you learn some coping skills to better handle your partners family. Coping With the In-Laws   When you feel that your in-laws are ignoring you or are rude, it can be tempting to dwell on your feelings or lash out while hurting. Its important to take a step back to really think through the persons actions and your reaction before responding to avoid misunderstandings and unnecessarily hurt feelings.  Impulsive reactions will just come out in anger  and the real issues will not be heard or addressed. While it can be tough to make yourself take a break in these situations, here are seven tips for handling your emotions and coping:   Breathe:  At the first sign of hurt feelings, take several slow, deep breaths. Concentrate on your breathing only, consciously trying to blow out some of your emotional reaction and focusing on your breaths instead.  Get Some Distance:  If it is at all possible, get away from the offending person. You can say you need to run an errand, take a walk or simply step into the restroom for a few minutes. Getting away from the offending person can often help de-escalate the situation and allow you to gain perspective before you lash out.  Remember Your In-Laws Are Your Partners Family:  Focusing on the relationship between your partner and the person that hurt you will help keep your reactions in check. While your spouses uncle may be incredibly annoying, remembering that he was one who helped your partner pay for his first car may help you see him in a better light.  Write It Down:  Use a private journal to write down what happened and what you are feeling. Use this as a means of expressin g your hurt without having to censor your thoughts.  Identify Your Feelings:  Using what you have written, identify some feeling statements or clarify what you are experiencing and how you need to react.Talk About Your Feelings With Your PartnerYour partner is the reason that you are having a relationship with your in-laws so talking and sharing with your spouse is an important step in coping with your feelings.  Identify Your Purpose:  Before any issues are addressed, it is important to know what your purpose is before you react. What do you want the end result to be? Yelling at the annoying in-law may feel satisfying at the moment, but it may mean a very awkward holiday afterward. By focusing on what you want, such as a peaceful holiday dinner, you can better handle your reactions. Sometimes not reacting is the best thing you can do to reach your goal.   In addition to talking to your partner, it is a good idea to honestly discuss what happened and how you feel during regular sessions with your therapist. A therapist who specializes in  BPD can assist you in determining appropriate and effective methods of communicating with those who are causing you pain. A good therapist can arm you with the skills to relate to people that easily trigger hurt feelings.

Changing Perceptions And Practices Of Chinese Journalists...

H6: Social media use is positively associated with the possibility of career change. Previous work shows that online media journalists and radio journalists tend to feel more optimistic about the future of technological change in journalism industry, while print media journalists and TV journalists hold more pessimistic views about the future of their occupations (Zhou, 2009). Thus, the following hyphothesis was formulated: H7: Print media journalists and TV journalists are more likely to choose career change than online media journalists and radio journalists. Methodology The purpose of this research is to examine the changing perceptions and practices of Chinese journalists in the period of transition. As such, purposive sampling was conducted to collect Weibo posts by keyword searching of Journalists’ Day for a time setting of 8th November every year from 2010 to 2013. 100 posts per year was systematically selected to generate 400 samples. Content analysis was conducted first to identify the Theme of Posts: 1 = Holiday ritual (e.g. holiday greetings to self or other fellow journalists, 26.5%), 2 = Journalistic roles (expressions related to normative journalistic roles, 19.5%), 3 = Occupational constraints (compaints about occupational challenges, 39.0%), 4 = Satire (e.g. use symbolic resources to mock themselves and journalism profession, 3.5%), 5 = New media (e.g. concerns about the future of journalism or views on social media,Show MoreRelatedThe Lay Man s World1271 Words   |  6 Pagesis, from its conception to its practice, and is a sol id foundation on which to begin an analysis. As part of this paper’s inquiry, insight will be drawn into the inner workings and uses of culture, and so it is necessary to provide a clear definition for the term as well. William H. Sewell Jr. does not constraint culture to a specific kind of practice or an action that takes place within a specific social setting, but defines it as a dialectic of system and practice, as a dimension of social lifeRead MoreThe Guanxi Between China And China1741 Words   |  7 Pagesindication what is it about. Wikipedia describes guanxi as â€Å"the basic dynamic in personalized networks of influence, and is a central idea in Chinese society.†¦ At its most basic, guanxi describes a personal connection between two people in which one is able to prevail upon another to perform a favor or service, or be prevailed upon.† Lijia Zhang (journalist in China) explains the power of guanxi : â€Å"Last year, when my father fell seriously ill, we took him to a decent hospital close by but were toldRead MoreMedia Relations And Public Relations3459 Words   |  14 Pagesorganization. Although media relations is the relationship that a company or organization has with the media, it is a relationship that is unique in how it benefits a company or organization balanced against the relationships built with reporters and journalists; those that are seeking stories and information that can benefit or harm an organization. Although media relations can have an effect on the public’s opinion of an organization; such as public health departments â€Å"Once you’ve established a solidRead MoreFoxconn s Good Reputation Associated With Foxconn3155 Words   |  13 Pageswill take time to fix.  Introduction Imagine waking up before the sun, working a twelve hour shift in a factory that employs hundreds of thousands only to return home and repeat the cycle (Chang, 2010), a life of eternal darkness. This is the perception western media has spoon-fed to American citizens. However, in reality, Foxconn--the victim of labor scandals in recent years--is a safe haven that shields its workers from the hardships of living in a developing country. Foxconn acts as a lifelineRead MoreLatino Communities : Structural And Social Issues And How They Thrive2094 Words   |  9 Pagesand how they persevere and thrive in America. U.S. history is a key structural determinant of why Latinos have faced hardship, but now making up over 33% of the nation’s population have found their voice. In the documentary, Harvest of Empire Journalist and author of the book Juan Gonzalez, â€Å"Harvest of Empire† discusses the controversial issue in America of Latino immigration. He examines U.S. intervention in each of the Latin countries which in turn caused them to migrate to North America. â€Å"PeopleRead MoreEssay on We Googled You4407 Words   |  18 PagesCase We googled you The problem that we need to evaluate is the recruitment practices for a new position in the country of China for the company Hathaway Jones. Fred Western is the CEO of Hathaway Jones. He is interested in hiring Mimi Brewster for the new division he is planning to open in China. Mimi Brewster grew up in China, speaks Mandarin and a local dialect. Mimi’s education background includes an MBA from Stanford University and her experience includes the re-launching of two brands fromRead MoreThe Is A Japan s Symbolic Image2084 Words   |  9 Pagesatrocities, on the other hand making Japan’s modern history values attached with respect toward their ancestors. There is evidence shows that the idea is justifiable. In the Meiji Restoration 1868, the new imperial government banned many others religious practice to save space for Shinto, create numerous shrine which designed to enhance the myth of the Sun Goddess and later on, to memorize and venerate the spirits of loyal sacrificed warriors. Particularly the Yasukuni shrine was dedicated to those who haveRead MoreGlobalisation of Google4196 Words   |  17 Pagessimple and quick mechanism to access this data. Its primary function is organising the worlds information and making it universally accessible (www.google inc.com) This article will analyze the global strategy of Google Inc’s. subsidiary in the Chinese market. It will also examine the set backs of Google, a multinational company (MNC) faced in entering China, in terms of government policy and cultural differences on its strategy. The first section briefly discuses a literature review of the integratedRead MoreLogistics and Outsourcing in China: the Benetton Group S.P.A. Case3073 Words   |  13 Pagesto compete primarily on style, price and marketing as these factors mattered most for customer buying habits. In current fact, those factors keep being important but new companies are now incorporating new operational systems that are dramatically changing the industry dynamics. Costs associated with holding inventory are lowering profit margins and therefore better inventory management policies must be put in place. Lastly, outsourcing has become critical as companies are flocking to low cost manufacturingRead MoreThe Influence of Music on Self and Society - Values in Music in Eastern and Western Cultures8787 Words   |  36 Pagesassociated, in fact, interlocked with religious and philosophical beliefs, thus possessed axiological connotations. Examining the perceptions and understandings of the ancients attitude about music can be most enlightening and hopefully beneficial for our spiritual and social development as we begin our quest for a culture of peace in the new millennium. The Ancient Chinese It is not far-fetched at all to suggest that todays attitudes about music might be surprising, even dismaying to Confucius

Lessons From Friendship in Great Expectations by Charles...

As one of the most read books, Great Expectations by Charles Dickens gives something intriguing to all types of readers. Adventure, love, and knowledge can all be found in this diverse book. Along with the appeal to different genres, Great Expectations teaches countless life lessons on several topics. Dickens presents friendship as one of the major themes in his novel. True friendship displays itself through words. Pip lived quite an unfortunate childhood. Loosing several siblings, both his parents, and being forced to live with his cruel sister all played a role in his sad childhood. But from the start of his young life, his sister’s husband, Joe, always cared for the boy. â€Å"And bring the poor little child. God bless the poor little child, I said to your sister, theres room for him at the forge.’†(7.3) When Joe married Mrs. Joe, he gladly invites little Pip to also come and live in his household. From the very beginning Joe exhibits true friendship towards Pip. He words exemplified that he truly cared about the child’s well-being. Not only does a true friendship prove itself with words, but actions speak volumes as well. A perfect example of this is displayed through Joe paying off Pip’s debts. While he was in the city of London becoming a gentleman, Pip spent too much money and owed several people money he no longer had. Furthermore, Pip had not sent one word to Joe since he had arrived in London. But as soon as Joe heard Pip was in trouble, he came and paid theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Dickens Social Commentary in Great Expectations1882 Words   |  8 PagesDickens Social Commentary in Great Expectations  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Charles Dickens Great Expectations stands as one of the most highly revered works in all of English literature. 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The secondary characters in Pip’s Bildungsroman help him to find a place within society where he can finallyRead MoreThe Value of Friendship in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens560 Words   |  2 PagesValue in Friendship A friend is someone whom one trusts and loves. This is known to many as friendship. Several people in the world follow this relationship and also support it. In the novel Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, the theme friendship is demonstrated from the beginning to the end. Pip, the main character, learns to find who his true friends are while strengthening their relationships. Each friendship he develops is unique in different ways. Great examples of friendship are showcasedRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1451 Words   |  6 Pages Report on the Major Points and Themes of Charles Dickens Great Expectations Kimberly ButtiÄ ¡ieÄ ¡ ENG3U1 May 2rd â€Æ' The major genre of Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is gothic fiction. An event in the novel that relates to this genre is Pip’s narration when he is horrified to learn that Magwitch is his benefactor, who he formerly thought to be Miss Havisham. He says, â€Å"The imaginary student pursued by the misshapen creature he had impiously made, was not moreRead More Great Expectations - Clothing Does Not Make the Man Essay2928 Words   |  12 PagesGreat Expectations - Clothing Does Not Make the Man      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Great Expectations, Charles Dickens explores the perception that the value of a man increases with his attainment of material wealth. Dickens probes the truth of such a system of values through Pips quest for material gain. This quest is the literal pursuit of a better suit of clothing but is conducted without regard for the kind of man wearing the suit. Thus Dickens poses the question: does it profit a man to gain the worldRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations Essay1847 Words   |  8 Pageseverything, a decision to become greater, will lead one to neglect their true values. In the novel Great Expectations, Charles Dickens introduces the reader to Pip. Set during the Victorian era, Dickens brings forward all the influences, good and bad, of Pips life. Professor John Bowen states â€Å"Like many Victorians, Dickens himself was fascinated by the idea that you could make yourself anew† (Bowen 2). Dickens incorporates events of his own life to help t he reader understand Pips society and childhoodRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens4170 Words   |  17 PagesTask: Discuss how Dickens establishes the identity of young Pip at the start of the Novel. 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Joe is quiet and not an outgoing person but he seems to find ways to show people how he is forgiving and very honest. Joe shows that he has the passion and emotion to change someone s attitude towards others, such as Pip. Joes childhood was full abuse from his father

Fools and folly are widely used in comedy to create humour To what extent does this apply to Twelfth Night Free Essays

In this essay I will be exploring Twelfth Night and focusing on the extent at which folly is used to create humour. The word folly means â€Å"a silly person† or â€Å"one who uses folly for the entertainment of others† etc. In William Shakespeare’s comedy, Feste -licensed fool- the clown is not the only fool who is subject to foolery; others include Sir Andrew Aguecheek (natural fool), Malvolio who is exposed to be the natural fool and Sir Toby who is deemed to be the Lord of Misrule. We will write a custom essay sample on Fools and folly are widely used in comedy to create humour To what extent does this apply to Twelfth Night? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Overall, fools and folly are widely used in Twelfth Night and form the basic plot. In Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, Feste’s role in this Illyrian comedy is significant. Feste plays the role of a humble clown and is employed by Olivia’s father thus playing the role of the licensed fool of their household. Olivia states that Feste is â€Å"an allowed fool† meaning he is licensed to speak the truth of people around him in order to entertain others. This is also seen when Curio states to the duke that â€Å"Feste the jester†¦a fool that the Lady Olivia’s father took much pleasure in†. Even though Feste is employed to be foolish, when compared to the other characters he is deemed to be the wisest, wittiest and the most philosophical of all the characters. Viola echoes this by saying â€Å"This fellow’s wise enough to play the fool. † By having the role of a licensed fool, Festes main role is to speak to the truth. Comedy is achieved through the truthfulness of the character. The first true glimpses of folly in Twelfth Night are seen in Act 1 Scene 3. Sir Andrew serves as an excellent example of the idea of Satire which Shakespeare throughout the play uses to undermine the so called rich, upper class characters. Sir Toby encourages Sir Andrew to â€Å"accost† Maria, which translates as â€Å"chat her up† and Sir Andrew foolishly addresses Maria as â€Å"Good mistress accost†. Shakespeare interestingly uses satire but also comedy of manners to illustrate his feelings towards the rich and powerful. His intentions are clearly seen here for the rest of the play; he starts with a powerful character being made a fool of and also ends with Malvolio being made a fool of, not weaker characters like Maria (servant) feste (clown). In this area of the scene, the audience expects a prominent, smart character to emerge on stage due to the description given by Sir Toby: â€Å"Why, he has an income of three thousand ducats a year,† which again links to the idea of comedy of manners- ‘a plot revolving around greed’. Subsequently, Sir Andrew is a naive, un-intelligent person who creates comedy and folly by miss-understanding Sir Toby. Knights in Shakespeare’s time would easily be able to gain respect through women due to it being an attractive occupation. However, Sir Andrew is the complete opposite and this allows the audience to laugh at how a character can be so different from the usual stereotype. Sir Andrew being so naive and thinking that he can easily add Maria to his endless list of women creates dramatic irony, the audience know that Maria thinks very poorly of him yet on the other hand Sir Andrew being so un-intelligent still thinks he is a wonderful human being. Alternatively, this area of Act 1 could show that even though Sir Andrew is rather naive, he still achieves because of the fact that Sir Toby mentions his â€Å"three thousand ducats a year† and Sir Andrew himself states to Maria that he is not â€Å"such an ass† and that he can keep his â€Å"hand dry,† this promotes the fact that when we wants to be, Sir Andrew can be smart and keep his â€Å"hand dry† which results in the audience weighing up what’s to come in the future for Sir Andrew. Ultimately, Sir Andrew fails to â€Å"woo† Olivia resulting in Sebastian marrying Olivia. Overall, this links back to the idea of comedy of manners and satire as both Sir Toby and Sir Andrew have been socially undermined with it being Sir Toby’s idea to set Andrew with Olivia and Sir Andrew failing in this quest. Feste who is employed to be funny and possibly ‘foolish’ is quite the opposite when compared with Sir Andrew. Feste is a philosophical, smart and witty character. In relevance to the question, a fool (feste) is employed to make people laugh yet there is no doubting that he comes across as anything but a fool. Shakespeare uses this character to highlight and contrast the frailties in the other characters such as Sir Andrew for example by allowing the natural fool to be the â€Å"natural wit† which is a very clever tool, the audience aren’t laughing at Feste being employed as fool yet laughing at how he makes others look like a fool. In act 1 scene 5, we don’t laugh at Feste for being a so called â€Å"fool†, we laugh at the witty re-marks that he creates and how undermines the people above him. Feste when talking to Maria regarding Countess Olivia states that â€Å"Many a good hanging prevents a bad marriage†. This has two comical meanings. Firstly, Feste is saying to Maria that sometimes its better being killed than entering marriage but to increase the comedy the phrase could also mean that a â€Å"well hung†(sexual connotations) man can prevent a â€Å"bad marriage†. When compared to today, a modern day audience would still find that funny due to IY being true yet in Shakespearean comedy, the audience would have been very surprised for a ‘fool’ to come out with such a controversial phrase, thus increasing comedy. Shakespeare understands the need for ‘surprise’ because the audience are laughing more at the surprise element rather than the joke itself. By putting this comical line in the final scene of the act, the audience have now gained a further understanding for the character and worked out how intelligent, witty Feste is. This will increase the popularity towards the character as the audience may have forgotten what happened previous to this scene when in act 2 yet the comical line from Feste would have stayed in their heads. Personally, Shakespeare wanted this immensely and therefore in relation to the question, yes fools are used to create humour but not through being stupid but by being witty and controversial as audiences like to be surprised. I believe the â€Å"bad marriage† area of the quote highlights the philosophical values that Feste has; he is giving the audience his opinions on marriages which he has seen from a fool’s point of view. Shakespeare is also handing a lot of power to feste as he could be forecasting the future for the marriages of Sir Toby and Maria, Olivia and Sebastian etc. Finally, Shakespeare can be seen to use juxtaposition in order to allow the gag of Feste contrast with the ‘well behaved’ Maria, this makes the audience possibly dislike Maria, an opinion shared by Shakespeare due to the time that he lived in, with the disrespectfulness of women. By the end of Act 2 scene 5, we gain the basic underlying plot. In scene 3, foolishness is definitely used to create comedy; Shakespeare uses the main idea of dramatic irony to create comedy. Three characters (Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Maria) construct a plan to help make Malvolio look a fool, Shakespeare uses three characters to make the plot seem more severe, linking to the idea of a minor form of black comedy. In this scene we learn that foolishness is enhanced by using more people to gang up on another. Sir Toby speaks that â€Å"He shall think, by the letters that thou wilt drop, that they come from my niece, and that she’s in love with him. † This quote firmly shows; He’ll think these letters are from Olivia and that she’s in love with him. Shakespeare uses a gang approach to this due to Malvolio being a so called ‘kill joy’, Sir Andrew and Maria show their opinions on the plan with phrases like â€Å"Sport royal† â€Å"I have ’t in my nose too. † Which again highlights the mood of the other characters, the audience will ultimately laugh in feeling guilt towards Malvolio. In today’ world, a gang culture shows power due to power in numbers but in Shakespeare times it could be sign of wealth and power to be able to create a group situation. The word â€Å"drop† signifies the height at which this will drop Malvolio and purposefully ‘drop’ his heart when he finds out he is made out to be a fool. Subsequently, Malvolio foolishness creates huge comedy due to him being imprisoned because of his actions towards Olivia. The idea of a gang creating a plan to make another human being look a fool allows Shakespeare to experiment how Malvolio could act. By the end of the play he is seen to be very spiteful and out for revenge. Comedy isn’t always seen through people being fools or made out to be fools. Comedy is also achieved through other ventures. In order to gain approval in the kingdom Viola dresses as a man and therefore can work close to Orsino and takes on the name Cesario. This creates comedy because the audience know that she is a women beneath the disguise yet the characters don’t (dramatic irony) therefore power is given to the audience and they enjoy this. We understand in Act 1 scene 2 that she is going to take up some disguise by saying â€Å"Conceal me what I am, and be my aid†. At this moment in time, Viola seems very determined and confident towards being a man and she has reason so due to marrying Orsino at the end of the play. Therefore comedy isn’t just seen through the eyes of folly and foolishness it’s also achieved elsewhere. Due to it being a live play, the audience would be able to see it’s a disguised woman, even though all actors were men, and thus again increasing comedy. Twelfth Night was once a day to mark the end of the Christmas festivities. It was the feast of fools and even now, the Christmas season is a time where we all seek entertainment in the form of amusement and folly. Therefore Twelfth Night is still relevant today. Even now we love to see people make fools of themselves and the characters we don’t like to be served with just retribution. In conclusion to my question, the answer is simply yes. Shakespeare doesn’t just have fools to laugh at (feste) which would seem the normal idea but he makes others look fools. This is through Malvolio being miss-lead, the naivety of Sir Andrew and possibly Orsino not having Olivia and having to make do with Viola. Interestingly, Shakespeare warms to the so called lower class characters like Feste, Maria by creating strong and confident characters that make the more upper class characters around them look fools. Comedy is also achieved in the play by the mistaken identity of Viola, the concept of black comedy and the comedy of manners. All key integral parts of how this play is seen comical. Overall, the main comedy comes from people acting foolish or looking foolish as well as the idea of comedy of errors. How to cite Fools and folly are widely used in comedy to create humour To what extent does this apply to Twelfth Night?, Papers

The Chrysalids Theme free essay sample

Theme in John Whyndham’s novel â€Å"The Chrysalids† can actually be inferred from the book’s title. â€Å"Without change, there would simply be no progress or improvement†, is the main theme of this novel. The scientific definition of chrysalids is an insect in the stage of development between a larva and an adult insect. Chrysalids can also mean a preparatory or transitional state. In â€Å"The Chrysalids†, three main stages of civilizations can be identified. They are the Fringes civilizaztion, the Waknuk civilization, and the Sealand civilization. The Fringes civilization and the Waknuk civilization are both in a stage of change. The Sealand civilization is the end result of the progress of change, a well technological civilization. The Fringes people have the poorest civilization in the novel. They live in tents and shelters and often have to steal for food. On the other hand, the Waknuk people are a bit well off. We will write a custom essay sample on The Chrysalids Theme or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They have steady lives and farm for a living. However, the Fringes people have a totally different view from the Waknuk people. The Fringes people think life is change and the reason that God sent Tribulation is because of the little change that is happening. The Waknuk people resist change. They think that if they have kept everything perfect, or in another word have kept everything the same, God would not have sent Tribulation. This belief made the Waknuk people have no progress in civilization. No newer breeds of animals are allowed and no new crops should be planted. Anything different from the original species would be cast away and thrown to the Fringes. The Fringes people had wanted change but sadly were repressed from doing so by the concepts of the Waknuk people. Similarily, as a result both the Fringes civilization and the Waknuk civilization made no further progress in their current civilizations. Unlike these two civilizations, the Sealand civilization has already made an amazing progress since the Tribulation. Large cities were built, and transportation devices like cars and helicopters were available. Most importantly, people are accepted as who they are. People who have telepathic powers like David, Rosalind, and Petra were considered as highly gifted people. Life is change, according to one of the quotes that the Spider man said. â€Å"He sent along Tribulation to bust it up and remind’em that life is change. † Change is what brings about improvement of the living just like what the Sealand lady said. â€Å"The essential quality of life is living: the essential quality of living is change; change is evolution: and we are part of it. † The Chrysalids Theme free essay sample â€Å"The Chrysalids† can actually be inferred from the book’s title. â€Å"Without change, there would simply be no progress or improvement†, is the main theme of this novel. The scientific definition of chrysalids is an insect in the stage of development between a larva and an adult insect. Chrysalids can also mean a preparatory or transitional state. In â€Å"The Chrysalids†, three main stages of civilizations can be identified. They are the Fringes civilizaztion, the Waknuk civilization, and the Sealand civilization. The Fringes civilization and the Waknuk civilization are both in a stage of change. The Sealand civilization is the end result of the progress of change, a well technological civilization. The Fringes people have the poorest civilization in the novel. They live in tents and shelters and often have to steal for food. On the other hand, the Waknuk people are a bit well off. They have steady lives and farm for a living. We will write a custom essay sample on The Chrysalids Theme or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, the Fringes people have a totally different view from the Waknuk people. The Fringes people think life is change and the reason that God sent Tribulation is because of the little change that is happening. The Waknuk people resist change. They think that if they have kept everything perfect, or in another word have kept everything the same, God would not have sent Tribulation. This belief made the Waknuk people have no progress in civilization. No newer breeds of animals are allowed and no new crops should be planted. Anything different from the original species would be cast away and thrown to the Fringes. The Fringes people had wanted change but sadly were repressed from doing so by the concepts of the Waknuk people. Similarily, as a result both the Fringes civilization and the Waknuk civilization made no further progress in their current civilizations. Unlike these two civilizations, the Sealand civilization has already made an amazing progress since the Tribulation. Large cities were built, and transportation devices like cars and helicopters were available. Most importantly, people are accepted as who they are. People who have telepathic powers like David, Rosalind, and Petra were considered as highly gifted people. Life is change, according to one of the quotes that the Spider man said. â€Å"He sent along Tribulation to bust it up and remind’em that life is change. † Change is what brings about improvement of the living just like what the Sealand lady said. â€Å"The essential quality of life is living: the essential quality of living is change; change is evolution: and we are part of it. †

State of Emergency Legal and Political Implications in Nigeria Essay Example

State of Emergency: Legal and Political Implications in Nigeria Essay INTRODUCTION Emergency in ordinary parlance means a time of crisis, a moment of danger or suspense. A state of emergency therefore is a governmental declaration that recognises the existence of this peculiar situation and takes some necessary actions to restore the peace and governmental stability of the society. During this period, the maxim, salus populi suprema lex has a special force and to that effect, some normal functions of the executive, legislative and judicial powers may be suspended. Citizens are alerted to change their normal behaviours, or government agencies are ordered to implement emergency preparedness plans. It can also be used as a rationale for suspending rights and freedoms, even if guaranteed under the constitution. Such declarations usually come during a time of natural or man-made disaster, during periods of civil unrest, or following a declaration of war or situation of international or internal armed conflict. In Nigeria, the constitution provides for the declaration of a state of emergency by the President alone on the whole country or in a state, on request by the State Governor, in the following instances: a. when the Federation is at war; b. when the Federation is in imminent danger of invasion or involvement in a state of war; c. when there is actual breakdown of public order and public safety in the Federation or any part thereof to such extent as to require extraordinary measures to restore peace and security; d. here is a clear and present danger of an actual breakdown of public safety in the Federation or any part thereof requiring extraordinary measures to avert such danger; e. there is an occurrence or imminent danger, or the occurrence of any disaster or natural calamity, affecting the community or a section of the community in the Federation; f. there is any other public danger which clearly constitutes a threat to the existence of the Federation; or g. the President receives a request to do so in accordance with the provisions of subsection (4) of the section. We will write a custom essay sample on State of Emergency: Legal and Political Implications in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on State of Emergency: Legal and Political Implications in Nigeria specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on State of Emergency: Legal and Political Implications in Nigeria specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In Nigeria, the President draws the authority to declare a state of emergency from his Emergency Powers which are inherent with his office and this empowers him to do whatever he deems necessary to restore peace and ensure the security of life and property for citizens of Nigeria and non-Nigerians alike residing in the areas affected by the crisis. This runs for a period of six (6) months but can be extended by the National Assembly alone with a two-thirds majority vote of approval. For instance, the situations where these emergency powers have been exercised include the violent ethno-religious crisis in Jos, Plateau state in 2004 which resulted in the total break-down of law and order. Also in Ekiti state in 2006 as a result of the impeachment of both the Governor and his deputy for gross misconduct by the Ekiti State House of Assembly. Recently, there have been calls by the Nigerian people to the President to declare a state of emergency due to the electoral violence that erupted in Bauchi and Kaduna states, but it was not declared. In the United States of America, the President in time of crisis uses his emergency powers which allow the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to bypass normal administrative and jurisdictional rules. Declarations of emergency can also provide special federal aid such as during the Flood of 1993 along the Mississippi River or in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. President Abraham Lincoln used his emergency powers to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland during the American Civil War. In the United Kingdom, Section 1(1) of the Emergency Powers Act 1920 empowers the Monarch to declare a state of emergency. It states that: If at any time it appears to His Majesty that any action has been taken or is immediately threatened by any persons or body of persons of such a nature and on so extensive a scale as to be calculated, by interfering with the supply and distribution of food, water, fuel, or light, or with the means of locomotion, to deprive the community, or any substantial portion of the community, of the essentials of life, His Majesty may, by proclamation (hereinafter referred to as a proclamation of emergency), declare that a state of emergency exists. The Monarch, Privy Council or the Prime Minister can make Emergency Regulations under the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 if there is a serious threat to human welfare, the environment or in case of war or terrorism. These regulations last for seven days unless confirmed otherwise by the Parliament. A state of emergency was last invoked in 1974 by Prime Minister Edward Heath in response to increasing industrial action. In Victoria, Aust ralia, a state of emergency can be declared if there is a threat to employment, safety or public order. The effect of the state of emergency enables the Parliament to make desired regulations to secure public order and safety. Though fairly uncommon in democracies, dictatorial regimes often declare a state of emergency that is prolonged indefinitely for the life of the regime. In some situations, martial law is also declined allowing the military greater authority to act. In other cases, emergency is not declared and de facto measures taken or decree-law adopted by the government. Egypt has been governed under emergency law almost continuously since 1967 and without interruption since Hosni Mubarak became president in October 1981 after the assassination of president Anwar Sadat. The law has been repeatedly renewed since then. The law gives the executive – in practice the Ministry of Interior – extensive powers to suspend basic rights such as prohibiting demonstrations, censoring newspapers, monitoring personal communications, and detaining people indefinitely without charge. Egyptian defense attorneys and human rights groups say about 5,000 people currently remain in long-term detention without charge or trial. Some prisoners held under the emergency law have been in jail for more than a decade. Also in Syria, the state of emergency law that had been in force since 1963 was only recently repealed by President Bashar al-Assad in April 2011. In Argentina, the provision for declaring a state of emergency is repeatedly abused by dictatorship with long lasting states of siege giving the government a free hand to suppress opposition. LEGAL EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF A STATE OF EMERGENCY Under a state of emergency, there is the increased presence of personnel of the armed forces the police and even plain clothes security officials. They are authorized to invade the privacy of homes, emails and even telephone conversations of anybody suspected of anti-governmental activities. They can arrest and detain anyone without charge and for as long as they please. Public demonstrations, freedom of press are prohibited. Pursuant to this authorization, several human rights are infringed upon with impunity. They include: the right to life, personal liberty, freedom of movement, freedom of religion, freedom of expression and the press, right to fair hearing, and the right to peaceful assembly. Historically in Nigeria, a declaration of state of emergency has never been declared on the whole country in a democratic government but it has been declared in some states. In all instances, such declaration means the outright suspension of the Governor, is Deputy and the State House of Assembly or Parliament by the President as seen in Western Nigeria (1962), Plateau State (2004), and Ekiti State (2006). Based on this, opinions are divided among eminent jurists, legal icons and constitutional experts on the legality or otherwise of these actions taken during the six-month emergency period. The actions of the President have been argued to be backed by the provisions of Emergency Powers Act of 1961 deriving autho rity from Section 65 (2) of the 1960 Independence Constitution of Nigeria. Again, the judiciary is replete with arguments pertaining to whether this law is still in existence in Nigeria or otherwise. Therefore the legal effects and consequences in Nigeria revolve around these four main issues as follows: 1. The suspension, abuse and/or denial of the human rights of citizens. 2. The suspension of public officers such as the Governor, his Deputy and the State House of Assembly and the Appointment of an Administrator. 3. The Constitutionality of the Appointment of a Sole Administrator to rule the state 4. Arguments and legal suits challenging various aspects and actions of governance during the emergency rule. 1. The suspension, abuse and/or outright denial of the human rights of citizens. â€Å"Human† means â€Å"relating to human beings†, relating to members of the races of homo sapiens – men women, children. ‘Right’ refers to that which is just or correct, truth, fairness, justice, just or legal claim. ‘Human Rights’ therefore means the freedoms, immunities and benefits that according to modern values, all human beings should be able to claim as a matter of right in the society in which they live. The Black’s Law Dictionary defines human rights as the freedoms, immunities, and benefits that, according to modern values especially at an international level, all human beings should be able to claim as a matter of right in the society in which they live. They are regarded as fundamental or basic to the individuals who assert them. Thus civil liberties and human rights are primarily individual rights, claimed by the individual or group of individuals as part of and which relates to, the position of the individuals in an organised state (Foster, 2008). On December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Following this historic act the Assembly called upon all Member countries to publicize the text of the Declaration and to cause it to be disseminated, displayed, read and expounded principally in schools and other educational institutions, without distinction based on the political status of countries or territories. These rights have been so enshrined in the Nigerian Constitution in Chapter IV, CFRN 1999. They are as follows: a. Right to Life; b. Right to Dignity of Human Persons; c. Right to Personal Liberty; d. Right to Fair Hearing; e. Right to Private and Family Life; f. Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion; g. Right to Freedom of Expression and the Press; h. Right to Peaceful Assembly and Association; i. Right to Freedom of Movement; j. Right to Freedom from Discrimination; k. Right to own Immovable Property. In most countries, the state of emergency and its effects on human rights and freedoms and governmental procedure are regulated by the constitution and/or a law that limits the powers that may be invoked. Rights and freedoms may be suspended during an emergency, for instance, freedom of movement, right to fair hearing, right to peaceful assembly and association as seen in the instances of Syria, France and India. In Nigeria, the Constitution recognises that some measures may need to be taken during a period when the corporate existence of the country may be threatened or may be in jeopardy. The essence of this is to protect the whole public or corporate existence of the nation. In such a situation, the interest of an individual must step down for the interest of the nation. In the famous case of F. R. A. Williams v. Dr. M. A. Majekodunmi, the facts of the case are: The plaintiff/applicant (Williams), was a legal practitioner and a prominent member of the Action Group and its Legal Adviser. Following a rift in the Action Group, the then Premier, Chief S. L. A. Akintola, was removed by the Government of Western Nigeria and Chief Dauda Adegbenro was installed as Premier instead. When the Western House of Assembly convened to pass a vote of confidence on Chief Adegbenros government, Chief Akintolas supporters in the House created an uproar which resulted in the dispersal of members by the police using tear gas. The Federal Parliament, because of the two personalities claiming to be Premier, in exercise of its powers under the Constitution of 1960, declared a State of Emergency in Western Nigeria and approved Regulation whereby the defendant (Majekodunmi) was appointed and empowered to administer the region as Administrator for the region. Inclusive of his powers was the right to serve orders restricting individuals movement to an area defined in the Restriction Order. In exercising of his powers, Majekodunmi caused a Restriction Order to be served on Williams and required that Williams shall be and remain within a distance of three miles from 193, Abeokuta Road, in the township of Abeokuta. It was dated the May 29 1962 and signed by Majekodunmi This assent points to the verity that the Restriction Order under The Emergency Powers (Restriction Orders) Regulation of 1962 was served to deny Williams his personal liberty, right to freedom of movement and fair hearing because he could not appear in court. In the No 1 case decided on June 1, 1962, presided and read by Sir Lionel Brett F. J. , the issue for determination was: Whether in this case, the defendants change of his decision in withdrawing plaintiffs right to appear for himself in court is based on the needs for public order. It was held that the defendant shall be and he hereby is restrained from giving effect or causing effect to be given to the restriction order dated the 29th May, 1962, and served on the plaintiff under the Emergency Powers Restriction Orders) Regulations, 1962, so far as the said order would restrict the plaintiff from leaving the prescribed area at or after 6. 00 a. m. n the 4th June, 1962, and travelling thence by the normal route to the Federal Supreme Court, Lagos, and there arguing the motion filed by him and set down for hearing on that day. And that after arguing the said motion the plaintiff shall return without delay by the normal route to the prescribe area unless the Court shall otherwise direct. And that if the defendant grants the plaintiff a permit under Regulation 2 of t he Emergency Powers (Restriction Order) Regulations, 1962, to enable him to attend this Court and argue the said motion this order shall be of no effect. Justices John Idowu Conrad Taylor and Sir Vahe Bairamuan concurred. In Canada, police powers are extended. A state of emergency in this country has resulted in the mass arrest of all the people in an area and they were detained for six hours without charging them. This is called a ‘precluding’ arrest especially when a suspect is required. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) permits the state to derogate from certain rights in times of emergency. Any measures derogating from obligations under the covenant however, must only be to the extent required by the exigencies of the situation and must be announced by the state party to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. But there are some rights which are too fundamental to be suspended; they are referred to as non-derogable rights. They include the right to life, human dignity, prohibition of torture or cruel human punishment, prohibition on servitude or forced labour, right to religion, right to fair labour practices and the protection of children’s rights. These rights are not permitted to be denied by any government even in times of emergency. There have been arguments by political theorists’ that human rights monitoring activities under the Charter of the United Nations is invasive and a threat to National Sovereignty. 2. Suspension of public officers such as the Governor, his Deputy and the State House of Assembly In all instances of the declaration of state of emergency in Nigeria the foremost public officers of the state were suspended and an Administrator, mostly military, is appointed to take over affairs of the state. The first state of emergency in Nigeria was declared in 1962 and the then Minister of Health, Dr. M. A Majekodunmi was appointed to take over the helms of affairs in Western Region of Nigeria while also suspending the Western House of Assembly. In 2004, a state of emergency was declared on Plateau State by former President Olusegun Obasanjo due to the severe ethno-religious crises and thus the state Governor, Joshua Chibi Dariye, his Deputy and members of the State House of Assembly ceased to hold their respective offices for an initial period of six months. This suspension did not affect the local councils. Subsequently a military administrator, former Chief of Army Staff, Major-General Chris Alli (rtd) was appointed to take over the affairs of the state and see to the restoration of peace. Also in 2006, this declaration was made in Ekiti state by the then President of Nigeria following the unconstitutional impeachment of the Governor for corruption and the subsequent appointment of Former Speaker Friday Aderemi as Head of Government by the Ekiti State House of Assembly. The Governor, Mr. Fayose who denied reports that he had fled the country, said he was in hiding because he feared for his life but he was still Governor of Ekiti State. His deputy Biodun Olujimi, who was also impeached, also laid claim to the Office of Acting Governor. This situation prompted President Obasanjo to state on national television thus: We have come to a sad, ridiculous and unacceptable situation in Ekiti where we have three governors It is dangerous for our democracy to allow this flagrant violation. Thus a state of emergency was declared to prevent the situation from descending into chaos and Brigadier-General Adetunji I. I Olurin (rtd) was appointed. The suspension of the public officers of a state consequent on the declaration poses a major challenge to the constitutional government in Nigeria. The Attorney-General of the Federal Government had insisted that due process was followed in the exercise. He relied on the Provisions of the Emergency Act, 1961 which he desc ribed as within the ambit of Section 315 of the constitution. He also referred to the exercise of a similar power removing the Premier of the Western Region after the declaration of a state of emergency in that region under the Independence Constitution of 1960. The rationale for the suspension of the House of Assembly was articulated by the President himself in the following words: Having a state of house of assembly in a position under a state of emergency is incongruous and may not allow for the expeditious actions that the Administrator will need to put the state back into a situation of peace, harmony, security for all and maintenance of law and order throughout the state. Professor Ben Nwabueze (SAN), a leading authority on constitutional law in Nigeria, has argued with considerable force that the power given to the President under Section 305 of the Constitution is limited to mere declaration of a state of emergency and does not include the power to make laws and to execute them with respect to matters within exclusive state competence. Section 305 of the 1999 Constitution does not contain, as was the case with the 1960 and 1963 Constitutions, any clause permitting the National Assembly to make laws for Nigeria or any part thereof with respect o matters not included in the Legislative Lists as may appear to Parliament to be necessary or expedient for the purpose of maintaining or securing peace, order and good government during any period of emergency. In constitutional democracies, particularly those operating written constitutions, it is not permissible for creatures of statutes such as the President to act outside the four walls of the statutes th at created them. The powers to remove a Governor, vested exclusively in the State House of Assembly, are elaborately stated in Sections 188(1) – (11) CFRN 1999 and the National Assembly is precluded by Section 11(4) from exercising this power during a period of emergency. In the situations of Plateau and Ekiti States, the removal or suspension was done unilaterally by the President. The constitution also makes elaborate provisions for the dissolution of a House of Assembly, for the recall of individual legislators and for succession to the office of the Governor in case of temporary absence or permanent incapacity of the office-holder. Even during a period of emergency, only the National Assembly is empowered by section 11(4) to take over the performance of the functions of the State House of Assembly but then only to the extent ‘necessary or expedient’ and only if the assembly ‘ is unable to perform its functions’. The subsection even goes further to enter a caveat as follows: Provided that nothing in this section shall be construed as conferring on the National Assembly power to remove the Governor or the Deputy Governor of the State from office. From the available facts, the House of Assembly in Ekiti was not unable to perform its functions. As a matter of fact, the House a day before the proclamation elected new officers and took a number of other decisions in a peaceful atmosphere. Thus, the warrant for the suspension of the House cannot be section 11(4) of the Constitution. 3. The Constitutionality of the Appointment of a Sole Administrator In times of emergency the constitution requires the President to take ‘extra-ordinary’ measures to return the state to a status of stability. These extra-ordinary measures are allowed under the Doctrine of Necessity. The term is used to describe the basis on which extra-legal actions by state actors, which are designed to restore order, are found to be constitutional. The suspension of the Governor and his Deputy in conjunction with the appointment of an Administrator has been argued to be one of such necessary actions to be taken during a state of emergency. Arguments on the contrary derive authority from the constitution which is the grundnorm, that is, a basis for the legality of other laws. To this effect, any other law that is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution, shall to the extent of its inconsistency to be null, void and of no legal effect. The constitution states in Section 1(2): The Federal Republic of Nigeria shall not be governed, nor shall any persons or group of persons take control of the Government of Nigeria or any part thereof, except in accordance with the provisions of this constitution. Thus the appointment of a sole administrator to take control over the government of the state is unconstitutional because the constitution, in section 305, does not provide for the removal of a Governor and Deputy Governor and subsequent take-over by an administrator during periods of emergency. In the words of William Pitt, (1759 – 1806) â€Å"Necessity is the plea for every infringement of human freedom. It is the argument of tyrants; it is the creed of slaves. More so, the constitution makes no provision for ‘suspension’ of elected officers it only provides for impeachment. The aforementioned extra-ordinary measures envisaged by the constitution should not be interpreted in terms of the removal of elected but rather only in terms of the deployment of the police and other security forces to maintain law and order or the making of such laws permitting restrictions on and derogation from fundamental rights, other than the right to life and to personal liberty, du ring a period of emergency. Even then, the constitution qualifies the extent of such restrictions derogation when it provides in section 45 (2 3), viz: (2) An Act of the National Assembly shall not be invalidated by reason only that it provides for the taking, during periods of emergency, of measures that derogate from the provisions of section 33 or 35 of this Constitution; but no such measures shall be taken in pursuance of any such Act during any period of emergency save to the extent that those measures are reasonably justifiable for the purpose of dealing with the situation that exists during that period of emergency; provided that nothing in this section shall authorize any derogation from the provisions of section 33 of this Constitution, except in respect of death resulting from acts of war or authorize any derogation from the provisions of section 36(8) of this Constitution. (3)In this section, a â€Å"period of emergency† means any period during which there is in force a Proclamation of a stat e of emergency declared by the President in exercise of the powers conferred on him under section 305 of this Constitution. 4. Arguments and legal suits challenging various aspects and actions of governance during Emergency Rule The obvious issue that comes to mind is the question bothering on if the situation at hand was enough reason for a declaration of a state of emergency by the President. This discretion is clearly that of the President and he is the sole determinant and initiator of the exercise except under circumstances provided for in Section 305 (3g), (4) and (5) where a request to such effect is initiated by the Governor of a state. The door seems closed on any advocacy against the President’s decision. This issue has its locus classicus in the case of Liversidge v. Anderson where the House of Lords held that in a situation of emergency, such as Britain fighting World War II, the court might not want to inquire into the reasonableness of the grounds of taking actions even when the statute clearly state that the cause must be reasonable. In fact, in Nigeria, with specific reference to emergency declaration, it was held in the case of Williams v. Majekodunmi that the issue of whether a state of emergency existed was outside the province of the court of law but only ‘within the bounds of Parliament’. Another issue questions the existence of The Emergency Powers Act of 1961 duely passed into law by the then Governor-General of Nigeria, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe. The general and popular authority for the alleged repeal by implication of the Emergency Powers Act is section 65(2) of the 1960 Independence Constitution which states that: â€Å"Any provision of law enacted in pursuant of this section shall have effect only during a period of emergency. Provided that the termination of a period of emergency shall not affect the operation of such provision of law during the period, the validity of any action taken there under during that period, any penalty or punishment incurred in respect of any contravention thereof or failure to comply therewith during that period or any proceeding or remedy in respect of any such penalty or punishment†. It has been argued that the emergency powers act lapsed by virtue of section 65(2) of the 1960 Constitution, which provides that â€Å"Any provision of law enacted in pursuance of this section shall have effect only during the period of emergency†, and that since that emergency has ended, that is the end of that law. The second argument is based on the Interpretation Act, Cap 192 LFN 1990. By section 6(2) of the Interpretation Act Cap 192, where a law has expired, lapsed or ceased to have effect, then, it is to be treated as if it has been repealed. In response to the first submission, the provisions of Section 65 of the 1960 Constitution does not by any rule of interpretation nullify any law made pursuant to the Emergency Powers Act at the end of the emergency period. Section 65(2) is not a destructive or a repealing section, which automatically repeals any law made pursuant to section 65. The emergency powers act continues to be law in the statute books and only remains dormant at the end of every emergency. To the second submission, on July 19, 1990, the Federal military government promulgated the revised edition (Laws of the Federation of Nigeria) Decree no 21 of 1990. The essence of the Decree was to update all the laws of the Federation applicable up to that time. The side note to Section 3 of the Decree gives power to the Attorney General of the Federation to authorise omission of certain enactment for reasons of its obsolete status, temporary nature, if it’s under review with a view to replacement and if it’s restricted or of personal application. But by Section 3 (2) any such laws omitted †¦shall have the same force and validity as if they had not been omitted in the revised edition. The meaning of this is very clear. The fact of the omission of any law from the revised edition of the laws of the Federation 1990 does not mean that those laws have been repealed. Put in another way, the fact of the classification of law as obsolete, temporary, under revision, restricted or personal and by reason therefore, its non-inclusion in the current Law of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN) of 1990, does not amount to the repeal of that law. CONCLUSION Just as a state of emergency is constitutional due to the unrest and instability of the state, so also some undesirable effects are incurred in the period of the state of emergency. A common occurrence here in Nigeria, is that the Governor, his Deputy and members of the State House of Assembly are suspended even though this kind of suspension is not expressly stated in the constitution. Declaring a state of emergency is one of the executive powers of the President. In this situation he is expected to do everything within his powers to handle the situation. It is also noted that this emergency power can be abused by the President and also used for politically selfish gains. Perhaps the basis for this abuse lies in the fact that the guidelines for the actions taken by the President in a bid to restore normalcy are not expressly stated in the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This lacuna gives the President a free hand to do whatever he deems necessary to quell the insurgence and return the Federation or any part thereof to a position of stability. Basically this essay has generally analysed the prevalent legal effects of the declaration of a state of emergency in Nigeria as well as parts of the world. The lessons learnt from there from could be helpful to Nigeria in her strive for democratic stability. [ 1 ]. Oluyede, P. A. , Aihe, D. O. (2003). Cases and Materials on Constitutional Law in Nigeria. (2nd Ed) Ibadan, Nigeria: University Press PLC. [ 2 ]. Latin maxim meaning â€Å"Let the welfare of the people be the Supreme Law† [ 3 ]. Wikipedia. com (Encyclopedia, 2011), http://en. m. wikipedia. org/wiki/State_of_Emergency [ 4 ]. Section 305 (1), Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 as amended in 2011 hereafter referred to as CFRN 1999. [ 5 ]. Section 305 (4), CFRN 1999 [ 6 ]. Emergency Powers Regulations 1962 [ 7 ]. Pursuant to Section 188 (1) CFRN 1999 [ 8 ]. Wikipedia. rg The Online Encyclopedia (2011) supra. [ 9 ]. Human Rights Watch (2008), Egypt: Extending State of Emergency violates rights, http://www. hrw. org/en/news/2008/05/27/egypt-extending-state-emergency-violates-rights [ 10 ]. Daily News Economic Review (2008), Syria Lifts State of Emergenc y Laws, http://www. hurriyetdailynews. com/syria [ 11 ]. As of 2010, a state of emergency had been declared fifty – two (52) times by democratic and dictatorial governments [ 12 ]. On May 27, 1967, General Gowon declared a state of emergency over the whole country in response to the armed conflict that resulted in a civil war. ICE case studies: The Biafran War. http://www1. american. du/ted/ice/biafra. htm [ 13 ]. National Open University of Nigeria, (2008). LAW 241 – Human Rights Law, Professor Justus A. Sokefun [ 14 ]. Black’s Law Dictionary, (8th Ed 1999), pg. 2167 [ 15 ]. Foster, S. (2nd. Ed, 2008). Human Rights and Civil Liberties. Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited. [ 16 ]. The United Nations Website (2006), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, http://www. un. org/en/documents/udhr/index. shtml Daily News Economic Review (2008), Syria Lifts State of Emergency Laws, http://www. hurriyetdailynews. com/syria [ 17 ]. Sections 33 – 44, CFRN 1999 [ 18 ]. www. wikipedia. org The Online Encyclopedia (2011) supra. [ 19 ]. 1962] 1 All NLR 413 or (No. 1) [1962] 2 SCNLR p. 26. [ 20 ]. www. wikipedia. org The Online Encyclopedia (2011) supra. [ 21 ]. Article IV, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, hereafter referred to as ICCPR [ 22 ]. National Party Preliminary Submission Theme Committee 4. (1995). Item 24: States of Emergency and Suspension of Rights. www. constitutionnet. org/files/7869. pdf [ 23 ]. Kelly, J. (2009). United Nations Rule of Law Activities Threaten National Sovereignty. http://www. globalgovernacewatch. org/spotlight_on_sovereignty/united-nations-rule-of-law-activities-threaten-national-sovereignty [ 24 ]. Gbadamosi, G. (2004). Nigerias Case Laws on Emergency Rule. http://www. dawodu. com/gbadamosi1. htm [ 25 ]. Martins O. Madu O. (2004, May 19). Nigeria: Obasanjo proclaims state of emergency in Plateau and warns Kano. The Guardian Newspaper [ 26 ]. News Reports (2006). State of Emergency’ declared in Ekiti State. Olurin sworn in. Nigerian Village Square. http://www. nigeriavillagesquare. com/articles/nvs/state-of-emergency-declared-in-ekiti-state-olurin-sworn-in. html [ 27 ]. Alabi M. O. (2005). Emergency Powers in Nigeria: Legal and Constitutional Issues. The Constitution, Vol. 5, No. 4 [ 28 ]. Alabi M. O. supra [ 29 ]. Section 105, CFRN 1999 [ 30 ]. Section 110, CFRN 1999

Obediance to authority essays

Obediance to authority essays Obedience to authority is necessary for any society to function. The point, at which obedience to authority becomes dangerous, is when it harms other citizens. One should obey authority, when it is empowered by the society, through rules enacted by society. Following this policy, society can prevent chaos. Obedience to prevent chaos is part of our everyday routine. For example, obedience when driving is necessary. When officers give orders in traffic situations, obedience is critical for traffic to flow, thus citizens to get around towns, to work and pay taxes. If people overran 1 or 2 officers, there is no way to stop herds of people making a run for it. An example, showing the need for obedience is rioting. How could you go to work and pay taxes in this state of Chaos? Since people do not generally riot, societal order is maintained. If society rioted and our armed guard could not stop the chaos, society would cease to function. Obedience is also enforced due to overwhelming majorities. Luckily, the greater percentage of people in a society would condone stealing, murdering, etc. For example, what if people were to act on whims, such as lack of money or passion? They would suffer consequences, because the majority of society backs up the laws they enacted, with the support of their police forces. Thus, individuals use better judgment and those who do not, suffer the consequences. Zombardos prison experiments demonstrate this, the prisoners follow the guards, because they have control and the backing of more forces or so they think. Any successful society follows these orders of obedience. A citizen must feel safe when venturing to work, paying taxes, or feeling safe to going out and spend his or her income on goods and services, thus running a successful economy. Obedience to authority can have devastating effects when used improperly with humans. When a human of power abuses his or her power ...

Degree Program Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Degree Program - Personal Statement Example Of equal importance is the Software Applications for Healthcare Professionals course. As technology continues to transform work processes, the information and technology skills will impart me with the current trends and operation of software in the medical sector. Furthermore, it will complement my innovative skills in solving any arising problems in medical data processing and transcription. Over and above this, the knowledge gained will enhance my data communication skills through the effective processing and transcribing of data to my fellow medical colleagues. On the other hand, the elective course on Health Care Delivery and Information Management will enhance my knowledge in the systematic processes in the collection, processing and storing of data pertaining to health care delivery. Moreover, I foresee the eventuality that the knowledge gained will enable me to solve problems pertaining to information management in health care centers that are increasingly burdened in maintain ing records. However, I do expect to encounter a bit of challenge with respect to the ‘Software Applications for Healthcare Professionals.’ There is the possibility of knowledge confusion and application mix up of the software learning modules. This is due to the variety of application software applications vital for healthcare professionals. Despite this challenge I am committed to pay sufficient attention, knowledge and inquisitiveness pertaining to any issue that may arise during the learning process. It is essential to note that not only one but most of my classmates chose the elective course on Healthcare Delivery and Information Management. This was of significant interest to me not because of the similarity in choice, but in reiterating its importance of it in advancing my career and

I did. Attachment for all my decument. I want you to do just part (5) Essay

I did. Attachment for all my decument. I want you to do just part (5) And part (6) - Essay Example sure that, the find the sources of conflicts in their institutions, negotiate with the conflicting parties and resolve/ make final decisions on the posted conflict ( Sharma, 1-5). Communication is very important in the development off a campus because all the involved parties are able to agree on any arising issue. Communication offers an avenue for smooth flow of information and therefore implementation is enhanced ( Sharma, 1-5). Whenever the communication systems are open all the institution’s stakeholders are able to forward their views without fear of being victimized or being criticized. As such the institution will progress because it implements the best inputs of its stakeholders ( Sharma, 1-5). C) How do communication strategies address issues of diversity? (e.g., are teachers notified of staff development designed to address diversity issues? Are communications with parents conducted in English only, or are communications written in other languages to reach limited English speaking stakeholders?) Communication strategies should be set in such a way that the addresses the issue of diversity. However, these strategies are very hard to implement when it comes to language diversity because in the learning institution setting it is expected that only the national and official language is used. Hence, non- English natives should find their own interpreters so that they can understand what is being conveyed ( Sharma,

Drug Culture and the Impressionable Youth

Drug Culture and the Impressionable Youth Drug Culture and the Impressionable Youth Rock and roll music and rap are the two most listened to genres by teens of the ages nine to twenty- five. Both genres are linked to the drug culture quite often through older music and music today. Rock and rap music communicate drug culture ideals to the impressionable youth through; Lyrics that speak about a drug experience, a trance-like rhythm that makes an experience either better or worse, and by the artists image in the media. All of these play a role on how the youth are influenced in society. Rock and roll has been linked to the drug culture for many years. Whether a song was written about a certain drug or whether the song was written on drugs has had society worried for its children. Children are always singing, whether with the music or just to themselves, but do parents listen to what they are singing? A popular rock band, named Green Day, have a few songs that reference illicit drug content. The song ‘Green Day contains lyrics that reference an experience after smoking marijuana. Here are some lyrics from the song: â€Å"A small cloud has fallen, The white mist hit the ground, My lungs comfort me with joy, Vegging on one detail, The rest just crowds around, My eyes itch of burning red, Picture sounds of moving insects so surreal, Lay around looks like I found something new, Laying in my bed, I think Im in left field, I picture someone, I think its you, Your standing so damn close, My body begins to swell, Why does 1+1 make 2?† Even though this song was written in 1990, it is still played on a few radio stations today. The album ‘1,039 Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, sold over five hundred thousand copies. And since then Green Day has become more popular with the youth. Green is only an example of todays music, but The Beatles and The Rolling Stones were huge role models as the drug culture started. The Beatles lyrics are descriptive of encounters with intoxicants and rely on the images and the insider knowledge associated with the meanings put forward by The Beatles (Blackman86). The Beatles had the world at their fingertips; they held the record for the most people to go deaf at a concert, not because the music was loud but because of the thousands of girls screaming at the top of their lungs (Blackman86). After the American tours, The Beatles songs moved onto new subjects with closer links to recreational drug use. On the song, ‘Tomorrow Never Knows, Lennon offers drug advice about the feeling bro ught on by drug consumption (Blackman85). In an interview by Queen and Life magazine in 1967, Sir Paul McCartney states that LSD ‘opened my eyes. It made me a better, more honest, and a more tolerant member of society (Uncut). Rock and roll lyrics speak more about an experience on an illicit drug while the next genre, rap, speak more about selling drugs to make money. Rap has not always been linked to the drug culture till about the 1990s. When children listen to the lyrics of certain rap songs, they hear how selling drugs or taking drugs to make life easier. According to Dr. Herd, an associate professor in the division of Community Health and Human Development at the University of California, illegal drug use became increasingly linked during the late 1990s to wealth, glamour, and social standing, when in comparison to earlier years, when rap music was more likely to have depicted the dangers and negative consequences of drug use (Yang). â€Å"Rap music is especially appealing to young people, many of whom look up to rappers as role models. As a public health researcher, and as a parent of a seven year old, I am concerned about the impact that long-term exposure to this music has on its listeners,† says Dr. Herd (Yang). Ludacris, who is popular with an age range from twelve to twenty-five, published a song called ‘Blueberry Yum Yum. Throughout the song, Ludacris raps about how excellent blueberry yum yum marijuana is. Here a few lines from this song: â€Å"Got a little bit of blueberry yum, yum And I never woulda thought that it could taste this good Thank God for the man who put it in my hood Its got me singin melodies I never thought I would Im feeling sorry for the homies who be smokin wood Chop chop, break it down for a player like ye Im ‘bout to find me a woman and skeet† This song was on the album, ‘The Red Light District and sold over twenty million copies worldwide (Blackman85). Ludacris is not the only rapper that sings about enjoyment of smoking marijuana other names are Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, and Eminem are a few examples of big name rappers that have followers of young ages listening to their lyrics and singing along. Adolescents are exposed to approximately two hundred and fifty-one references to explicit substance use per day (Parker-Pope). Adolescents are exposed to music more than any other type of media. An example is music compared to film. Adolescents listen to an average of sixteen hours each week of music compared to an average of six hours each week for films (Parker-Pope). Music is a powerful social force that taps into an individuals personal identity, memories, and mood. Lyrics are strong ways to communicate to the impressionable youth about the drug culture but there are more ways to communicate also like a trance-like rhythm. Rock and roll music and rap have many different types of sounds and beats. Shiela Whiteley, Building on Middleton and Muncies analysis, says there are stages of how rock and rap music influence drug use through a song. Whiteley says, â€Å"The first stage is manipulation of timbres, blurred, bright, tingly overlapping associated with the intensification of tripping; second stage, the upward movement in pitch which compares with the experience of being high; third, the characteristic use of harmonies lurching and oscillating which change focus; fourth, the sudden use of regular or irregular rhythms suggesting both the rush of a drug but also the trance-like condition of sounds capes and which acts to disorientate conventional musical structure, offering new enhancements from new technology employed in music and also through the process of hallucination† (Blackman100). Teens pick music to go with their drug experience. Rod Stanley, editor of ‘Dazed and Confused magazine, says in an interview if there was a new drug that came out in todays society, there would a new genre of music spring up over night, he continues to say young people work out the best music to experience a drug (Sampson). The image of the artist has always been a problem in the media and how parents can limit a child from listening to the artist music. Image is the most important part of todays world. How you look, talk, act, and present yourself is how the world will judge you. In contrast to the 1970s where artists like Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison, or Elvis Presely were judge on their music. Jim Morrison died in 1971 of an apparent heart attack of an overdose, but is remembered dark and psychedelic lyrics and for occasionally taking off his clothes on stage. Drug deaths are highly romanticized in the world of popular music by the media, fans, musicians, and the industry (Blackman94). Drug induced deaths of pop stars establish new ‘consumer shrines that feed on and promote person and artistic mystery, followed by endless repackaging of existing material, remixes or releases of unsanctioned songs (Blackman94). Kurt Cobain, former lead singer of Nirvana, overdosed numerous times and was told to go to rehab but disappeared and committed suicide. Rap has a bad rap for its image because of how the artist presents themselves in th e media. Snoop Dogg has been arrested five times with the possession of marijuana (Whillans). Snoop Dogg is not the only one with a bad reputation on getting caught with marijuana. Such artists as Juvenile, Lil Wayne, Sir Paul McCartney, Keith Richards, and John McClure are just a few examples of popular

Personality Analysis

Personality Analysis Shannon C. Chavez PSY/405 March 5, 2013 Dr. Barry Brooks Personality Analysis This paper will include personality analysis between the learning theory and the humanistic and existential theories. The learning theory is referred to as the process by which all individuals learn and how they acquire a change or potential change in behavior (Feist & Feist, 2000). The learning theories involved are Skinner's behavioral analysis, Bandura's social cognitive theory, and Rotter and Mischel's cognitive social learning theory.The humanistic approach is focused on the individuals potential and stresses the importance of self-actualization and the belief that people are innately good. Humanistic psychology assumes that mental and social problems are a direct result of one’s natural tendencies (Cherry, 2013). Existentialism stresses the importance of free will, freedom of choice by each individual, and the responsibility one takes on his or her own life. This theory emp hasizes the responsibility each person takes on the choices they make and what they make of themselves (Cherry, 2013).Combining these theories with the knowledge they possess outlines the basics of human nature and personality as it develops by the environment, particularly within the social aspect while accommodating the powerful affects of one's own internal ideas. Affects on Situational Behavior According to learning theory, individuals behave according to their environmental, cognitive, and behavioral conditions. In Bandura’s social cognitive theory, he argues that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching what others do.This type of learning known as observational learning is explained in most behaviors (Cherry, 2013). In the behaviorist learning theory, learning takes place by trial and error, with individuals trying different types of behaviors until they engage in one that is reinforcing. Learning theory states individuals apply previously learned mat erial as a means to find familiar reward values in similar situations (Feist & Feist, 2009). Behaviors produced within new situations allow the individual to review similar experiences to determine the best course of action and will then choose the one with a similar outcome.In some learning theories, the learner may become passive, thus responding to environmental stimulus. Cognitive learning theory assumes all people are logical beings whose behavior is determined by choices that make the most sense to them (Fritscher, 2011). Rotter believed humans interact with their environments through reinforcement. He assumed people's situational behavior is a combination of their expectations of reinforcement and the amount of influence their needs demand in any given situation.His predictions of human behavior stem from one’s expectancy, reinforcement value, behavior potential and psychological situation (Feist and Feist, 2009). Mischel's personality theory suggests that an individua l’s cognitive activities and situations play a vital role in behavior determination. Although he acknowledged this stability, he explained the environment has a powerful influence on behavior. Other’s theories suggest people are motivated by particular drives and traits that would make a person’s behavior consistent (Feist and Feist, 2009).Humanistic approach from Roger’s person-centered theory believes learning is implemented as an act to fulfill one’s fullest potential. The actions of individuals in situational behavior are derived from their potential from which an individual is capable. In humanistic theory, people have cognitive needs by which they respond to certain situations. Within a supportive environment, individuals learn and react appropriately in any situation based on what they have learned previously (Feist and Feist, 2009).According to a humanist approach, responses to a specific situation are directly regarded towards personal gro wth fulfillment of current needs and satisfaction (McLeod, 2007). The individual will always respond in a way that will ultimately fulfill current needs. Personality Characteristic of Theories The learning theories suggest that personality is a combination of learned inclinations that continue throughout one’s life. Learning theories are believed to have present awareness, which guides the development of personality according to how individuals anticipate specific events, thus ll human behavior is influenced by anticipation (Feist & Feist, 2009). Skinner believed that human behavior was shaped by three forces: natural selection, cultural practices, and an individual’s history of reinforcements. Ultimately, Skinner believed that one’s geographical environment and personal physical strength helped shape humans personality in general, however, the environment would be vital in the uniqueness of each individual’s personality (Feist and Feist, 2009). Skinner d efined personality as â€Å"at best a repertoire of behavior imparted by an organized set of contingencies† (2009, p. 72). Bandura described the act of human nature as â€Å"self-regulating, proactive, self-reflective, and self-organizing† (2009, p. 486). He recognized that observational learning allows individuals to learn without performing the behavior. Rotter believed an individual’s personal history and experiences was more powerful in shaping their personalities and goals, but emphasized the similarities in everyone, whereas Mischel considered an individual’s differences and variations in behavior as more significant.He believed human behavior, through the cognitive-active personality system, adapts to the interaction of â€Å"stable personality traits and the situation, which includes a number of personal variables† (2009, p. 546). Kelly's theory explains the idea that all people anticipate events by the meanings placed on those events and b elieves these constructs of the world are how an individual’s behavior is shaped. People see the world in their own way and believe that every construction is open to revision (Feist and Feist, 2009).Skinner’s learning theories have been criticized for neither accommodating â€Å"individual differences, intelligence, genetic factors, nor the whole realm of personality† (2009, p. 472). Humanistic psychology believes in the natural drive toward personal development, and the idea that people make decisions regardless of environmental factors. Free will is one of the most important factors in the development of one’s personality, and the drive toward self-actualization is a powerful motivation for the creation of one’s personality (Feist and Feist, 2009).According to the idea behind humanism, people make their own choices and are actively involved in the creation of their personalities. Rollo May theory includes three relationships that form the basis for personality: one's relationship with the environment, with others, and with oneself. The influence of all three relationships helps create and contributes to the personality's ongoing reconstruction (Feist ; Feist, 2009). Maslow believed that biological components provided the basic parameter for the individual; however, environmental and cultural affects shaped the ego identity or personality (Feist ; Feist, 2009).Explanation of Interpersonal Relations The humanist/existential perspective assumed people associated with others to engage in productive and healthy relationships, although ultimately, they may be alone. Maslow believed in fulfilling love and belongingness first and fulfilling this was a primal need filled by friendship, family, having a mate, and ultimately maintaining associations with others. He proposed fulfillment at this level was essential for other levels of human success, through his hierarchy of needs (Feist ; Feist, 2009).Rogers believed growing up in a lo ving environment, having a caregiver who had positive regards, fostered positive self-regard, which in turn promotes psychological growth. Positive experiences from others are also essential for an individual’s development in mental health, thus success towards self-actualization (Cherry, 2013). May's existentialism proposed that even though people associate with others, forming healthy relationships, they would ultimately choose who and what they will become.The basic idea of humanism and existentialism views interpersonal relationships as an integral part of human life. Humanism views interpersonal relationships as an important factor in the development of personality. Maslow believed once an individual’s fulfillment of interpersonal relationships was completed, they will have more confidence and esteem in social situations and will experience the reciprocity of love from those of importance to them (Feist and Feist, 2009).From a learning perspective, people tend to associate with others because they receive some type of reward for doing so. Humans originally formed groups within their families to use as protection from enemy tribes and animals. This happens today when people form associations with those of the same interest group and are reinforced for the particular behaviors of that group. Even when not reinforced, people will continue to maintain close associations because of personal connections within the group from which they receive reinforcement (Feist & Feist, 2009).Social constructivism is defined as the knowledge, behavior, and personality constructed from social interactions and people build new ideas and concepts that are based on current and past knowledge or experience (Feist & Feist, 2009). Bandura believed people learn from their experiences, although much of human learning is taken from the observation of others. Rotter believed human behavior is â€Å"best predicted from an understanding of the interaction of people with th eir meaningful environments† (2009, p. 510).Mischel also believed that an essential component of one’s personality development was dependent on observations of others within the environment. Mischel and Rotter stressed the importance of learning within a social context, but Mischel continued to maintain his belief in the importance of genetic factors in the development of personality. Kelly believed social influences were much more significant in determining one’s personality than biological ones. He believed humans are influenced by each other and in constructing their own personality, involving other influences from the environment (Feist and Feist, 2009).Kelly stated â€Å"the actions of others do not mold their behavior; rather, it is their interpretation of events that changes their behavior† (2009, p. 572). Conclusion Learning theories define learning and its resulting behavior and personality as a response to the environment in which its consumed in cluding biological considerations, whereas humanistic theory believes in a greater tendency for internal human drive toward a goal and ultimately self-actualization.The different perspectives regarding the effectiveness of personalities on situational behavior, the distinct characteristics of personality and human nature, and the understanding of interpersonal relations all provide an abundance of thought and a more dimensional understanding of humanity within psychological thought process and its applications toward humankind. References Cherry, K. (2013). What is Existentialism? Retrieved from http://psychology. about. com/od/eindex/g/def_existential. htm Cherry, K. (2013).Humanistic Psychology: the â€Å"Third Force† in Psychology. Retrieved from http://psychology. about. com/od/historyofpsychology/a/hist_humanistic. htm Feist, J. and Feist, G. (2009) Theories of Personality (7th ed. ). Retrieved from the University of Phoenix eBook Collection online. New York: McGraw Hill Fritscher, L. (2011). Cognitive Theory. Retrieved from http://phobias. about. com/od/glossary/g/cognitivethedef. htm McLeod, S. (2007). Humanism. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from http://www. simplypsychology. org/humanistic. html