The Financial Crisis And The Liquidity Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 993 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Put simply, liquidity risk is the risk stemming from the lack of marketability of an investment that cannot be bought or sold quickly enough to prevent or minimize a loss (investopedia). It is useful to determine between two types of liquidity risk: funding liquidity risk and market liquidity risk. The former describes the ease of obtaining funds from other financial institutions or investors. Brunnermeier (2009) differentiates between three different types of funding liquidity risk: 1) rollover risk, the possibility that it will be expensive or impossible to rollover short term borrowing 2) redemption risk, the risk that depositors withdraw funds and 3) margin/haircut funding risk. The latter regards a situation where an asset is purchased and the buyer uses the purchased asset as collateral and borrows short term against it. As the buyer cannot borrow the assets entire price, they must finance the difference (the margin/haircut) using their own equity capital. T raders tend not to carry much excess capital thus, as margins/haircuts increase; they must sell part/all of the asset. It is the same scenario if depositors begin withdrawing their funds. In order to rollover debt, financial institutions began to rely heavily on short term (commercial) paper (repo contracts). This creates substantial liquidity risk as it is dependent on the market remaining awash with liquidity (Brunnermeier, 2009). In each of the above scenarios, the liquidity risk arises when the asset can only be sold at fire-sale prices. This occurs when market liquidity is low. The market liquidity risk represents the ease of finding a buyer. If liquidity is low then buyers will be more risk averse, as such, unwilling to pay above the odds for an asset. This depresses asset prices, further increasing liquidity risk. Typically, the risk of assets is measured by their return relative to the risk free return (generally the US Treasury Bill rate). In times of crisis this interes t rate spread widens due to the desire to hold first rate collateral. In other words, the demand for US Treasury bills increase, depressing the rate, whereas demand for risky assets fall, increasing the rate (Brunnermeier, 2009). In July 2007, Chuck Prince (Citigroups then CEO), summarised the significance of liquidity risk in the financial crisis by drawing on Keynes analogy between bubbles and musical chairs: When the music stops, in terms of liquidity, things will be complicated. But as long as the music is playing, youve got to get up and dance. Were still dancing. (Nakamoto Wighton, 2007). There was a perceived reduction in liquidity risk of banks in the years preceding the crisis as they moved to a model of originate and distribute, in addition to financing their assets with short term maturity instruments (Brunnermeier, 2009). The former was supposedly a method to offload risk as it involved banks originating loans, e.g. residential mortgages, pooling these together into diversified portfolios, slicing these portfolios into tranches (each tranche represented a different level of risk), and then distributing these loans (in their new securitised form) to various non bank financial institutions (Goodhart). Liquidity risk arises in this situation for various reasons. First of all, as banks intended offloading the loans, they only carried pipeline risk thus had little incentive to take due care in approving, processing and monitoring loan applications (Brunnermeier). Secondly, these Collateralised Debt Obligations (CDO) were considered to be off- balance sheet thus were not included when determining a banks required capital (set at 8% under Basel I) (Goodhart). However, in reality the banks risk, through exposure to these SIVs, was little changed. Often many of these securitised assets were held by conduits which, in turn, were owned by the bank (Goodhart). In addition, buyers of these tranches could also purchase credit default swaps (CDS) which, in exchange for a fee, would insure the buyer against any default (Brunnermier). The structure of banks financing further added to the mounting liquidity risk as the investment projects or mortgages (which were typically long term investments) were increasingly financed with short term deposits. To maintain financing for their conduits and SIVs banks issued asset backed commercial paper (ABCP), with typical maturities of 1 to 3 months (Goodhart), creating significant funding liquidity risk if investors stopped buying ABCP. However, in the event that funding for ABCP dried up, the commercial bank granted a liquidity backstop, exposing the sponsoring bank to significant risk that was not accounted for in the balance sheet (Brunnermier). The increase in liquidity risk through maturity mismatch was also as a result of repo contracts, which was often overnight financing. Under repo contracts a firm would raise funds by selling a collateral asset today with an agreement to repurchase the asset in future (Brunnermeir). Due to the reliance of banks on short term financing, any reduction in funding liquidity would cause significant stress on the financial system. In summer 2007 we witnessed a dry up in liquidity for ABCP as investors struggled to value structured products and confidence in rating agencys eroded (Brunnermier). The constant reiteration that the financial crisis was due to defaults on US subprime mortgages is evident from figure 1 as, following an increase in defaults noted from February 2007, the market for mortgage backed securities collapsed where as other markets remained relatively stable (Brunnermeier). As is evident, liquidity risk played a significant role in the financial crisis and, due to the open economy the United States possesses and its position as a major financial player, many other countries and non US banks were exposed to the US subprime mortgage market. The UK was particularly exposed as RBS and Barclays were the two biggest underwriters of mortgage backed securities in 2007. Both banks were also big lenders of leveraged finance (Timeonline). In addition, HSBC and RBS (through Citizens Bank) have significant presence in the United States. Other UK banks had less exposure to the US mortgage market, however, were heavily reliant on wholesale funding thus were susceptible to liquidity shocks e.g. HBOS (TimesOnline). https://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article3572658.ece Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Financial Crisis And The Liquidity Risk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Swot Analysis A Swot - 2576 Words

SWOT ANALYSIS: A SWOT analysis is a process where we can find strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats involved in a project. This analysis can be used for a product and place. The main use of this analysis is to find out all the four main specifications which can review the project easily Strengths: Project manager has to analyse swot analysis. Strengths give you more confident of completing the project irrespective of weakness. When you look back previous SOH project the project manager UTZON is very talented. He had design the most brilliant sculpture which is a great innovation to the modern day world. It has created many more opportunities and revenues to the government. Strengths and weakness comes under the internal factors.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Using inconsistent brand items makes you to increase your weakness. Opportunities: †¢ Exploiting the project and creating opportunities will be the better way to run the project. If you do have more opportunities you can work to a larger extent and satisfies the customer. †¢ Decreasing the man power and increasing automated instruments will makes you to complete the task very fastly. †¢ Making use of internet helps you to exploit more opportunities. Threats: †¢ From the external sources threats may be created which causes to trouble for the project. The main aim of the project is to minimize the threat. †¢ Competition from the leading organizations have most of the threats. †¢ Maintaining the much better brand value comparing with others gives you lot of credibility among the customers. Question 2: Project member is the only person which holds responsible for every aspect of the project. He contributes everything for completing the project successfully and also ensures all the team members are working efficiently or not. Project manager has to be intellectual and skilful administrating the project . Negotiation skills: †¢ Project manager has to negotiate with the directors and key stake holders for bringing common understanding between them. †¢ During the negotiation manager should have clear idea about what he was presenting. Some research is done before you present the report, expressing your views clearly make the positive

Census Method free essay sample

Census Method All items in any field of inquiry constitute a ‘ Universe ’ or ‘ Population. ’ A complete enumeration of all items in the population is known as a census inquiry. It can be presumed that in such an enquiry, when all items are covered, no element of chance is left and highest accuracy is obtained. But in practice this may not be true. Even the slightest element of bias in such an inquiry will get larger and larger as the number of observation increases. Moreover, there is no way of checking the element of bias or its extent except through a resurvey or use of sample checks. Besides, this type of inquiry involves a great deal of time, money and energy. Therefore, when the field of inquiry is large, this method becomes difficult to adopt because of the resources involved. At times, this method is practically beyond the reach of ordinary researchers. We will write a custom essay sample on Census Method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Perhaps, government is the only institution which can get the complete enumeration carried out. Even the government adopts this in a very rare cases such as population census conducted once in a decade. Further, many a time it is not possible to examine every item in the population, and sometimes it is possible to obtain sufficiently accurate results by studying only a part of total population. In such cases there is no utility of census surveys. A census refers to a count or a study of all of the elements in the ‘ Population’. As is quite obvious it is generally more economical in time, efforts and money to get the desired information for only some of the elements ( sample ) than for all of them, i. e. , the population. When we select some of the elements ( sample ) with the intention of finding out something about the population from which they are taken, we refer to that sub group of elements of a ‘ Sample ’. Our expectation, in studying the sample, is of course, that what we find out from the sample, will be true of the ‘ population ’ as a whole. Actually this may not be the case, since after all; a sample is only a part of the whole population. How far would the information of findings we get from the sample, approximate the finding we would get if the totality, i. . , the given population, were studied and whether or not out finding based on the study of a sample is likely to differ from the finding. What we would get if the given population as a whole was studied, by more than a specific margin of value, would depend greatly on the way sample is selected. Of course, we can never have the full assurance that our sample returns reflect the state of the population with respect to the characteristics we are studying, unless we have simultaneously conducted a complete comparable study of the population. However, it needs to be emphasized that when the universe is a small one, it is no use resorting to a sample survey. When field studies are undertaken in practical life, considerations of time and cost almost invariable lead to a selection of respondents i. e. selection of only a few items. The selected respondents constitute what is technically called a ‘ Sample ’ and the selection process is called ‘ Sampling Technique. ’ The survey so conducted is known as ‘ Sample Survey. ’ There are various methods of Sampling. 1. Deliberate sampling or purposive sampling. 2. Random sampling. 3. Stratified random sampling. 4. Quota sampling. 5. Multi stage sampling. 6. Extensive sampling. 7. Convenient sampling. There are various main features of sampling technique : The sampling technique has following good features and these bring into relief its value and significance. 1. Economy : the sampling technique is much less expensive, much less time consuming than the census technique. 2. Reliability : if the choice of sample units is made with due care and the matter under survey is not heterogeneous, the conclusion of the sample survey can have almost the same reliability as those of census survey. . Detailed study : Since the number of sample units is fairly small these can be studied intensively and elaborately. They can be examined from multiple viewpoints. 4. Greater suitability in most situations : most of the surveys are made by the technique of sample survey, because wherever the matter is of a homogeneous nature, the examination of few units suffices. This is the case in the majority of situations. 5. Scientific Base : This is a scientific technique because the conclusion derived from the study of certain units can be verified from other units. By taking random samples we can determine the amount of deviation from the norm. There are also some common mistakes in sampling technique : 1. Less Accuracy : 2. Changeability of Units : 3. Misleading conclusions : 4. Need for specialized knowledge : 5. When sampling is not possible : Under the census or complete enumeration survey method, data are collected for each and every unit ( person, household, field, shop, factory, etc. as the case may be ) of the population or universe which is the complete set of items which are of interest in any particular situation. or example, if the average wage of workers working in sugar industry in India is to be calculated, then wage figures would be obtained from each and every worker, working in the sugar industry and by dividing the total wages which all these workers receive by the number of workers working in sugar industry, we would get the figure of average wage. Census is the process of obtaining responses from / about each of the members of the POPULATION. The determination of the size of population of a country is an example of census. This process is also known as population census. While collecting data about the profile of the residents in a region to plan a marketing strategy of a product, under census method, one has to collect data from each individual of the population. If the size of the population is manageable, one can resort to census method otherwise, this method is seldom feasible. So under this situation, the alternate method of data collection is sampling. Characteristics of Census Method :- 1. Benchmark / denominator population counts : The most essential aspect of a census is the basic count of the population. The census provides a benchmark for all population. Counts are used as denominators in a wide range of economic and social statistics, using other census data as numerators and also data from a huge variety of other sources, by a vast range of users from the public, private and voluntary sectors. 2. Ability to produce multivariate statistics : Census data allow multivariate analysis of the variables collected. this is a powerful tool for many users who use census data as part of their research or to inform policy decisions. 3. Snapshot of the population : A traditional census provides a ‘ snapshot ’ of the whole population at a single point in time. as a result data are consistent and comparable across all areas. 4. Small area data : The census provides data down to very small geographical areas, including Census Output Areas, covering 125 households on average. the census is the only source that provides nationally consistent information at this low level. 5. Small population data : Census data also provide information on small populations for example, small ethnic communities can be identified and their characteristics captured by the census. Some of the Merits or Advantages of the Census methods are : 1. Data are obtained from each and every unit of the population. 2. The results obtained are likely to be more representative and accurate. 3. It is an appropriate method of obtaining information on rare events such as areas under some crops and yield thereof, the number of persons of certain / age groups, their distribution by sex, educational level of people, etc. this is the reason why throughout the world the population data are obtained by conducting a census generally every 10 years by the census method. . Data of a complete enumeration census can be widely exploited as a basis for various surveys. 5. When survey head has been counted the only possible errors can be due to computation but with the use of computers even this possibility is next to nothing. Therefore, undoubtedly the data derived through census method is highly reliable. The further conclusions derived deductly upon the basis of census statistics are al so very reliable because in deduction the validity of conclusion depends upon the validity of premise and these as noted above are very highly reliable. 6. Detailed Information : The census figures are very pregnant ( full of meaning ), they yield much more information than merely the count of the heads. Every coin has two sides. Therefore whereas census yields highly reliable and detailed information, it is not free from drawbacks. Some of the De merits or Dis-advantages of the Census methods are : 1. Expressiveness : It should be obvious that because each unit in the field of survey has to be examined, census surveys must entail many expenses. Because of the exorbitant cost of such surveys census surveys are as a rule made by the government only. The government needs accurate records of population, productivity etc. because of excessive expense, even government undertake such surveys at very long intervals. 2. Excessive Time and Energy : Besides cost factor, census surveys take too longtime and consume too much energy to be worthwhile normally. It is only in very special cases that such surveys are undertaken. 3. Unstability in certain cases : Some problems range over such a wide area that to study all units under it is almost impossible. For example: if the scope of the problem is infinite, one can by no means succeed in making total survey. If one wishes to study the sexual habit of mankind it is not quite possible to approach each individual for his account of his sexual activity. However despite these advantages of the census method if not very popularly used in practice. The effort, money and time required for carrying out complete enumeration will generally be extremely large and in many cases cost may be so prohibitive that the very idea of collecting information may have to be dropped. This is more true of underdeveloped countries, where resources constitute big constraint. Also if the population is infinite or the evaluation, process destroys the population unit, the census method cannot be adopted. Sampling is simply the process of learning about the population on the basis of a sample drawn from it. Thus in the sampling technique instead of every unit of the universe only a part of the universe is studied and the conclusions are drawn on that basis for the entire universe. A sample is a subset of population units. Sample method of study is one, where we study some selected items from the universe for drawing general inferences. This method has many advantages as well as disadvantages over the census method. In making decisions of census or sampling, the following factors are considered : 1. Size of the population. 2. Amount of funds budgeted for the study. 3. Facilities. 4. Time. Uses of Census Method : In order to consider how best to meet future requirements for the type of information traditionally provided by the census, one must first understand what user’s future needs may be. Census method is used by a wide range of businesses and organizations, including government departments, local government and academics. The uses they make of census data are equally wide ranging and include allocation of finances, monitoring initiatives, and benchmarking other estimates. Census data have many uses They are used at very high levels as well as at the small area levels. There are three key categories of census data, relating to; ? Population units : People and housing with key characteristics such as sex and age; ? Population structures : Households and families; and ?Population / housing characteristics : for example occupation, tenure. The main current uses of census data can be classified into four broad categories, shown below. Also noted are the aspects of census data that are most critical to each use. ?Resource allocation / targeting investment : For resource allocation purpose it is crucial that population counts ( both total counts and by key characteristics ) are accurate, consistent and comparable over the area that the resources are allocated. for many government funding uses, the data must be consistent nationally. ?Planning : Basic population counts and counts by key characteristics ( such as age, sex, ethnic group, household type ) are important for planning. If the different characteristics of an area’s population can be identified, plans can then be made for the sort of services that are necessary. In particular, data for small areas are crucial in local planning. ?Policy formulation or review : There is a clear drive across government for policy initiatives to be evidence based. since many initiatives are implemented and assessed at a local level, census data can form a crucial part of this process. Multivariate analysis feeds into local planning policies as do data on small areas and populations. Social or market research : The ability to produce multivariate statistics on census data is vital for many research uses. Basic population counts and counts by characteristics are also required. More generally, census data are used to improve the quality of many other statistics, which may be used for the above categories. the collection of other data ( from survey for example ) is also made more efficient by the possession of accurat e census counts. Census Method free essay sample A complete enumeration of all items in the population is known as a census inquiry. It can be presumed that in such an enquiry, when all items are covered, no element of chance is left and highest accuracy is obtained. But in practice this may not be true. Even the slightest element of bias in such an inquiry will get larger and larger as the number of observation increases. Moreover, there is no way of checking the element of bias or its extent except through a resurvey or use of sample checks. Besides, this type of inquiry involves a great deal of time, money and energy. Therefore, when the field of inquiry is large, this method becomes difficult to adopt because of the resources involved. At times, this method is practically beyond the reach of ordinary researchers. Perhaps, government is the only institution which can get the complete enumeration carried out. We will write a custom essay sample on Census Method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even the government adopts this in a very rare cases such as population census conducted once in a decade. Further, many a time it is not possible to examine every item in the population, and sometimes it is possible to obtain sufficiently accurate results by studying only a part of total population. In such cases there is no utility of census surveys. A census refers to a count or a study of all of the elements in the ‘ Population’. As is quite obvious it is generally more economical in time, efforts and money to get the desired information for only some of the elements ( sample ) than for all of them, i. e. , the population. When we select some of the elements ( sample ) with the intention of finding out something about the population from which they are taken, we refer to that sub group of elements of a ‘ Sample ’. Our expectation, in studying the sample, is of course, that what we find out from the sample, will be true of the ‘ population ’ as a whole. Actually this may not be the case, since after all; a sample is only a part of the whole population. How far would the information of findings we get from the sample, approximate the finding we would get if the totality, i. . , the given population, were studied and whether or not out finding based on the study of a sample is likely to differ from the finding. What we would get if the given population as a whole was studied, by more than a specific margin of value, would depend greatly on the way sample is selected. Of course, we can never have the full assurance that our sample returns reflect the state of the population with respect to the characteristics we are studying, unless we have simultaneously conducted a complete comparable study of the population. However, it needs to be emphasized that when the universe is a small one, it is no use resorting to a sample survey. When field studies are undertaken in practical life, considerations of time and cost almost invariable lead to a selection of respondents i. e. selection of only a few items. The selected respondents constitute what is technically called a ‘ Sample ’ and the selection process is called ‘ Sampling Technique. ’ The survey so conducted is known as ‘ Sample Survey. ’ There are various methods of Sampling. 1. Deliberate sampling or purposive sampling. 2. Random sampling. 3. Stratified random sampling. 4. Quota sampling. 5. Multi stage sampling. 6. Extensive sampling. 7. Convenient sampling. There are various main features of sampling technique : The sampling technique has following good features and these bring into relief its value and significance. 1. Economy : the sampling technique is much less expensive, much less time consuming than the census technique. 2. Reliability : if the choice of sample units is made with due care and the matter under survey is not heterogeneous, the conclusion of the sample survey can have almost the same reliability as those of census survey. . Detailed study : Since the number of sample units is fairly small these can be studied intensively and elaborately. They can be examined from multiple viewpoints. 4. Greater suitability in most situations : most of the surveys are made by the technique of sample survey, because wherever the matter is of a homogeneous nature, the examination of few units suffices. This is the case in the majority of situations. 5. Scientific Base : This is a scientific technique because the conclusion derived from the study of certain units can be verified from other units. By taking random samples we can determine the amount of deviation from the norm. There are also some common mistakes in sampling technique : 1. Less Accuracy : 2. Changeability of Units : 3. Misleading conclusions : 4. Need for specialized knowledge : 5. When sampling is not possible : Under the census or complete enumeration survey method, data are collected for each and every unit ( person, household, field, shop, factory, etc. as the case may be ) of the population or universe which is the complete set of items which are of interest in any particular situation. or example, if the average wage of workers working in sugar industry in India is to be calculated, then wage figures would be obtained from each and every worker, working in the sugar industry and by dividing the total wages which all these workers receive by the number of workers working in sugar industry, we would get the figure of average wage. Census is the process of obtaining responses from / about each of the members of the POPULATION. The determination of the size of population of a country is an example of census. This process is also known as population census. While collecting data about the profile of the residents in a region to plan a marketing strategy of a product, under census method, one has to collect data from each individual of the population. If the size of the population is manageable, one can resort to census method otherwise, this method is seldom feasible. So under this situation, the alternate method of data collection is sampling. Characteristics of Census Method :- 1. Benchmark / denominator population counts : The most essential aspect of a census is the basic count of the population. The census provides a benchmark for all population. Counts are used as denominators in a wide range of economic and social statistics, using other census data as numerators and also data from a huge variety of other sources, by a vast range of users from the public, private and voluntary sectors. 2. Ability to produce multivariate statistics : Census data allow multivariate analysis of the variables collected. this is a powerful tool for many users who use census data as part of their research or to inform policy decisions. 3. Snapshot of the population : A traditional census provides a ‘ snapshot ’ of the whole population at a single point in time. as a result data are consistent and comparable across all areas. 4. Small area data : The census provides data down to very small geographical areas, including Census Output Areas, covering 125 households on average. the census is the only source that provides nationally consistent information at this low level. 5. Small population data : Census data also provide information on small populations for example, small ethnic communities can be identified and their characteristics captured by the census. Some of the Merits or Advantages of the Census methods are : 1. Data are obtained from each and every unit of the population. 2. The results obtained are likely to be more representative and accurate. 3. It is an appropriate method of obtaining information on rare events such as areas under some crops and yield thereof, the number of persons of certain / age groups, their distribution by sex, educational level of people, etc. this is the reason why throughout the world the population data are obtained by conducting a census generally every 10 years by the census method. . Data of a complete enumeration census can be widely exploited as a basis for various surveys. 5. When survey head has been counted the only possible errors can be due to computation but with the use of computers even this possibility is next to nothing. Therefore, undoubtedly the data derived through census method is highly reliable. The further conclusions derived deductly upon the basis of census statistics are al so very reliable because in deduction the validity of conclusion depends upon the validity of premise and these as noted above are very highly reliable. 6. Detailed Information : The census figures are very pregnant ( full of meaning ), they yield much more information than merely the count of the heads. Every coin has two sides. Therefore whereas census yields highly reliable and detailed information, it is not free from drawbacks. Some of the De merits or Dis-advantages of the Census methods are : 1. Expressiveness : It should be obvious that because each unit in the field of survey has to be examined, census surveys must entail many expenses. Because of the exorbitant cost of such surveys census surveys are as a rule made by the government only. The government needs accurate records of population, productivity etc. because of excessive expense, even government undertake such surveys at very long intervals. 2. Excessive Time and Energy : Besides cost factor, census surveys take too longtime and consume too much energy to be worthwhile normally. It is only in very special cases that such surveys are undertaken. 3. Unstability in certain cases : Some problems range over such a wide area that to study all units under it is almost impossible. For example: if the scope of the problem is infinite, one can by no means succeed in making total survey. If one wishes to study the sexual habit of mankind it is not quite possible to approach each individual for his account of his sexual activity. However despite these advantages of the census method if not very popularly used in practice. The effort, money and time required for carrying out complete enumeration will generally be extremely large and in many cases cost may be so prohibitive that the very idea of collecting information may have to be dropped. This is more true of underdeveloped countries, where resources constitute big constraint. Also if the population is infinite or the evaluation, process destroys the population unit, the census method cannot be adopted. Sampling is simply the process of learning about the population on the basis of a sample drawn from it. Thus in the sampling technique instead of every unit of the universe only a part of the universe is studied and the conclusions are drawn on that basis for the entire universe. A sample is a subset of population units. Sample method of study is one, where we study some selected items from the universe for drawing general inferences. This method has many advantages as well as disadvantages over the census method. In making decisions of census or sampling, the following factors are considered : 1. Size of the population. 2. Amount of funds budgeted for the study. 3. Facilities. 4. Time. Uses of Census Method : In order to consider how best to meet future requirements for the type of information traditionally provided by the census, one must first understand what user’s future needs may be. Census method is used by a wide range of businesses and organizations, including government departments, local government and academics. The uses they make of census data are equally wide ranging and include allocation of finances, monitoring initiatives, and benchmarking other estimates. Census data have many uses They are used at very high levels as well as at the small area levels. There are three key categories of census data, relating to; ? Population units : People and housing with key characteristics such as sex and age; ? Population structures : Households and families; and ?Population / housing characteristics : for example occupation, tenure. The main current uses of census data can be classified into four broad categories, shown below. Also noted are the aspects of census data that are most critical to each use. ?Resource allocation / targeting investment : For resource allocation purpose it is crucial that population counts ( both total counts and by key characteristics ) are accurate, consistent and comparable over the area that the resources are allocated. for many government funding uses, the data must be consistent nationally. ?Planning : Basic population counts and counts by key characteristics ( such as age, sex, ethnic group, household type ) are important for planning. If the different characteristics of an area’s population can be identified, plans can then be made for the sort of services that are necessary. In particular, data for small areas are crucial in local planning. ?Policy formulation or review : There is a clear drive across government for policy initiatives to be evidence based. since many initiatives are implemented and assessed at a local level, census data can form a crucial part of this process. Multivariate analysis feeds into local planning policies as do data on small areas and populations. Social or market research : The ability to produce multivariate statistics on census data is vital for many research uses. Basic population counts and counts by characteristics are also required. More generally, census data are used to improve the quality of many other statistics, which may be used for the above categories. the collection of other data ( from survey for example ) is also made more efficient by the possession of accurat e census counts.

Oedipus And Socrates Essays - Socrates, Socratic Dialogues

Oedipus And Socrates In Plato's Five Dialogues and Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, man's actions for the greater good of the city-state can lead to horrible consequences for the individual. Both Socrates and Oedipus carry out what they believe to be their duty for their city. Socrates believes that his actions are just and proper, but when viewed by the city-state as a whole his actions are looked at as counter-productive and ill advised to the youth of the society. Oedipus on the other hand hasn't done anything to harm his people. Following his decision making regarding the murder of his father, he ends up as an enemy of the state, because he has become an enemy to himself. Both having to suffer the consequences for their actions, they remain to uphold their loyalty to their respective city-states. Being one of the greatest thinkers in history, Socrates tried to spread his wisdom by supporting the greater good of the city-state, the youth. When questioning Meletus, Socrates tries to justify his expansion of education by referring to horses. Do "all men improve them and one individual corrupts them? Or is quite the contrary true, one individual is able to improve them, or very few, namely horse breeders, whereas the majority, if they have horses and use them, corrupt them?" (Plato 30). Is it possible for one man to work and corrupt all the youth? Is it possible for one man to even reach all of society's youth? It can clearly be established that the teachings of one man cannot harm the city, but only make people greater. There are even more examples of Socrates upholding his beliefs for nothing more then the benefit of the city. While serving as a member of the Council, during the investigation of the ten naval generals, Socrates was the only dissenting member "of the presiding committee to oppose your [the council] doing something contrary to the laws" (Plato 36). For acting in this licit manner he was ready to be prosecuted by the council and accept his consequences. It can easily be seen that Socrates was never looked at as an equal. To make matters only worse, when tried by Meletus his belief in the gods was raised. Meletus brought up the point that Socrates did not believe in gods at all. Although Socrates never completely answers Meletus' question he does justify his beliefs. Socrates never directly states that he believes in gods, but he does say that " he believes in divine beings" and "if divine beings are gods" then he must believe in the gods themselves (Plato 32). Another point that Meletus failed to recognize is that Socrates belief in these divine beings motivated his actions and teachings. For Socrates believed that his reason for being put on this planet was to serve as an instrument of the gods and broaden the understanding of knowledge. If indeed Socrates was corrupting the youth then "be sure that this is what the god orders [him] to do" (Plato 35). Socrates had no choice in the life he was leading, because "he was attached to the city by the god" and "there is no greater blessing for the city than [his] service to the god" (Plato 35). Following the decision to send Socrates to his death, he is not at all upset or surprised at the 501-member jury's decision. Remaining calm in the manner that Socrates is so well regarded, he is still able to pay respect for his city. While being visited in prison by his "old and faithful friend, Crito" Crito proposes the possibility of Socrates' escape from prison (Plato 45). Whether it would have been better for Socrates to escape or nor, he raises the point"that one must obey the commands of one's city and country" thus making the ultimate sacrifice to prove his obedience to the city's decision (Plato 53). When being compared to Socrates, Oedipus' actions reflect the same dedication to the state as was seen by those of Socrates. First of all while in the presence of "that hellcat the Sphinx" Oedipus was the only person to rise above the rest and save the city. No bird or even god stood in the way of the Sphinx, yet Oedipus was able to. By this single act alone he shows all the homage and devotion to his city that one should even need to. "Oedipus, the simple man, who knows nothing...thought it out for [him] self" (Sophocles 21) and was able to avoid whatever lied ahead. Now being king

Sylvia Plath Quotes

Sylvia Plath Quotes Sylvia Plath is a controversial and passionate figure in American literature. A prolific writer who started writing before the age of 10, Plath is best known for her semi-autobiographical novel  The Bell Jar  and poems such as The Colossus and Lady Lazarus. Even as her words touch us to our very core, they also spur so many questions and debates. How could a woman who was filled with such beautiful and passionate words also be torn by such inner torment? She offers such a personal look at her life, love, and demons. Do we dare look away?   For a glimpse into Sylvia Plaths enduring works imbued with imagery, raw emotion, and haunting words, here is a list of quotes by the Pulitzer-winning poet.   Love and Relationships How we need another soul to cling to. Can you understand? Someone, somewhere, can you understand me a little, love me a little? For all my despair, for all my ideals, for all that - I love life. But it is hard, and I have so much - so very much to learn. I do not love; I do not love anybody except myself. That is a rather shocking thing to admit. I have none of the selfless love of my mother. I have none of the plodding, practical  love.-  The Journals of Sylvia Plath I love people. Everybody. I love them, I think, as a stamp collector loves his collection. Every story, every incident, every bit of conversation is raw material for me. My loves not impersonal yet not wholly subjective either. I would like to be everyone, a cripple, a dying man, a whore, and then come back to write about my thoughts, my emotions, as that person. But I am not omniscient. I have to live my life, and it is the only one Ill ever have.-  The Bell Jar I lean to you, numb as a fossil. Tell me Im here. I must get my soul back from you; I am killing my flesh without it.-  The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath Kiss me and youll know how important I am. Let me live, love and say it well in good sentences.-  The Bell Jar There is nothing like puking with somebody to make you into old friends.-  The Bell Jar What did my arms do before they held you? Death Death must be so beautiful. To lie in the soft brown earth, with the grasses waving above ones head, and listen to silence. To have no  yesterday,  and no to-morrow. To forget time, to forgive life, to be at peace. -  The Bell Jar Self-Doubt And by the way, everything in life is writable about if you have the outgoing guts to do it, and the imagination to improvise. The worse enemy to creativity is self-doubt.-  The Journals of Sylvia Plath I am supposed to be having the time of my life.-  The Bell Jar I can never read all the books I want; I can never be all the people I want and live all the lives I want. I can never train myself in all the skills I want. And why do I want? I want to live and feel all the shades, tones and variations of mental and physical experience possible in life. And I am horribly limited. Inner-Tension I have the choice of being constantly active and happy or introspectively passive and sad. Or I can go mad ricocheting in between.-  The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead; I lift my eyes and all is born again. If neurotic is wanting two mutually exclusive things at one and the same time, then Im neurotic as hell. Ill be flying back and forth between one mutually exclusive thing and another for the rest of my days.- The Bell Jar Life has been some combination of fairy-tale coincidence and joie de vivre and shocks of beauty together with some hurtful self-questioning.- The Bell Jar Perhaps when we find ourselves wanting everything, it is because we are dangerously close to wanting nothing. Exuberance I felt my lungs inflate with the onrush of scenery - air, mountains, trees, people. I thought, This is what it is to be happy.-  The Bell Jar There must be quite a few things that a hot bath wont cure, but I dont know many of them. Remember, remember, this is now, and now, and now. Live it, feel it, cling to it. I want to become acutely aware of all Ive taken for granted. Thats one of the reasons I never wanted to get married. The last thing I wanted was infinite security and to be the place an arrow shoots off from. I wanted change and excitement and to shoot off in all directions myself, like the colored arrows from a Fourth of July rocket.- The Bell Jar Despair and Melancholy I talk to God but the sky is empty.-  The Bell Jar The silence depressed me. It wasnt the silence of silence. It was my own silence.- The Bell Jar The trouble was, I had been inadequate all along, I simply hadnt thought about it.- The Bell Jar There is something demoralizing about watching two people get more and more crazy about each other, especially when you are the only extra person in the room. Its like watching Paris from an express caboose heading in the opposite directionevery second the city gets smaller and smaller, only you feel its really you getting smaller and smaller and lonelier and lonelier, rushing away from all those lights and excitement at about a million miles an hour.- The Bell Jar To the person in the bell jar, blank and stopped as a dead baby, the world itself is a bad dream.-  The Bell Jar

Your Comprehensive Guide to Negotiating Salary

Your Comprehensive Guide to Negotiating Salary No matter what your job, no matter what your industry, you have something in common with everyone else: you want to make more money as you move through your career. (Living the dream!) Similarly, the way to get there is pretty universal as well: learning how to negotiate your workplace value into cash money. Whether you’re already in a job and you’re seeking a raise, or you’ve just gotten a job offer and want to maximize your starting salary, there are tools to keep in your belt for negotiating your salary. 1. Negotiating Salary When You’ve Just Gotten a Job Offer  a.   When Should You Start Negotiating?  b.   What Tools Should You Have Ready to Go?  c.   How Should You Approach the Negotiation?  d.   When Do You Settle? Or, When Do You Walk Away?  e.   What Mistakes Are Lurking?  2. Negotiating Salary If  You’re Looking for a Raise/Promotion  a.  When Should You Start Negotiating?  b.  What Tools Should You Have Rea dy to Go?  c.  How Should You Approach It?  d.  When Do You Settle? Or, When Do You Walk Away?  How to Negotiate If You’ve Just Gotten a Job OfferCongratulations! Score! You’ve outwitted, outlasted, and outplayed your competitors to get to the end. (Oh wait, that’s Survivor.) Now after you’ve had a glass of champagne (or the fizzy celebratory beverage of your choice), don’t get too complacent- you’ve still got one more stage: the salary negotiation.  Business.com has a great overview of the process:When Should You Start Negotiating?You should wait until you have your job offer in hand. Mention money too early, and you run the risk of giving information that could limit your salary ceiling (like what you were earning previously, or what you’d be willing to accept now). It could also be a turn-off for the hiring company†¦you don’t want to seem too mercenary before you even have the job. During the interview phase s, focus on your attributes and experience, and on getting hired.Once you’ve received an offer, then it’s time to start negotiating your salary.What Tools Should You Have Ready to Go?  As you get ready for battle, here are three things to have at the top of your mind.1. A target salary rangeWhile you shouldn’t actually mention salary while you’re interviewing, you should definitely start thinking about the best-case scenario (job offer and salary negotiation stage) ahead of time. Part of that is doing your homework on what you’re worth, professionally.There are tons of resources online that can help you drill down into your specific industry and job, and find at least a range that feels comfortable based on your experience level. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has baseline government data on salaries and career outlooks for various industries. Sites like Payscale.com, Salary.com, and GlassDoor.com can help you zoom in on your professional wo rth as well, aggregating data about real people’s salaries in various industries. You want your expectations to be realistic, so gather as much info as you can about the salaries attached to your new role (or similar jobs in the industry), for people at your experience level.2. Your selling points (which are now justification points)In addition to having a dollar range in mind, you should keep your resume and interview talking points handy as well. It may seem like those are old news after you aced your interview, but you should have a ready list of all of your accomplishments and experience to bolster any requests for a higher salary.3. Intangibles And don’t forget that while we call this â€Å"salary† negotiation, it’s about your entire compensation package at your new job. That includes yes, your baseline salary, but also vacation time, flexible work arrangements, paid leave, and other benefits. These may take a backseat to the official dollar amount, but they’re great to have as an additional bargaining chip- especially if the company proves unwilling or unable to meet your goal salary. You can try to get additional time off, or work-from-home arrangements to compensate for a slightly lower salary.4. Your dealbreaker amount Unfortunately, some negotiations won’t work out. As part of your salary range, you should also keep the lower limit in mind- the number where, if the salary falls below it and can’t budge upward, you can’t move forward with this new job.How Should You Approach the Negotiation?Some companies will include a salary offer with the official job offer. In this case, you would use that number as a starting point, or an â€Å"anchor.† If you get an offer without a dollar amount attached, you get to throw out a number as the anchor. Again (and I can’t emphasize this enough), be realistic. If you’re going for a mid-level management position and you walk in asking for a g iant signing bonus and a Ferrari, you might be laughed right out of your job offer.According to recruiter Nick Corcodilos, a goal to keep in mind for switching jobs is about a 20% increase in salary. That may or may not be realistic depending on your industry or your new company’s economic situation, but think of it as an ideal-world guideline.Either way, once the initial dollar amounts is out there, don’t accept the first offer from your new company. You won’t lose your job offer just for negotiating- it’s a commonplace part of the hiring process these days. Send a counteroffer, and go from there.To see how salary negotiations can play out, career author Ramit Sethi has a no-holds-barred approach in this video negotiation re-enactment:When Do You Settle? Or, When Do You Walk Away?As Kenny Rogers once told us, part of the game is knowing when to fold ‘em. Negotiation for a new job is a form of gambling- there’s no guarantee the company will m eet your salary request. If their initial and subsequent offers fall below what you are able to accept, then it’s okay to turn down the job offer and walk away. If you really need or want this job, and the salary offer falls substantially short, try to use that â€Å"intangibles† chip and try to bolster things like vacation time or job title as a way to offset the salary before you accept the offer.  Also, don’t let the process drag out indefinitely. The company is clearly interested in filling this role as soon as possible, and you want things to move along as well. Expect the process to advance over a short period of time†¦possibly a few days. Once you know things aren’t going to work, it’s better to put that out there and get the inevitable end out of the way.What Mistakes Are Lurking?Here are some of the top mistakes people make in negotiating a new job salary:Accepting the first offer. Just don’t do it! You don’t know how high you could have gone if you don’t even try.Aiming too high. Be realistic in your salary expectations.Being too aggressive. A respectful tone is key to the process- after all, these will likely be your colleagues soon. Confidence and information are great tools- swagger is not.Accepting without knowing salary. If, in your excitement, you accept the job offer without knowing what your salary is (and having a chance to respond or negotiate), you put yourself at a major disadvantage.How to Negotiate If You’re Looking for a Raise/PromotionIf you’re already comfortable in your job and are seeking a merit-based raise, the process is a little different. No one is going to come to you and say, â€Å"You know what? You’ve been awesome this year. Take this extra cash.† The initiative is all on you. It’s easy for both employers and employees to get complacent. Once they have you in place, what’s their incentive to keep throwing money at you? Many companies have an automatic yearly raise in place, often at the cost-of-living level. But even if you can already expect a bump in your salary this year, there’s no reason you can’t try to negotiate and maximize that. And if your company doesn’t have an automatic raise mechanism in place, all the more reason to make a case that you deserve more.RELATED:  How to Negotiate Your Salary in an InterviewWhen Should You Start Negotiating?Your annual review is a pretty common time to kick off this process. Your manager is already thinking about your performance for the year, and may have promotions on the brain. However, you don’t necessarily need to wait for an official window for talking about salary. If you’ve come to the conclusion that you would like to ask for more money, all you really need to do is schedule time with your boss to sit down and discuss. Make sure you have set a time when both of you can concentrate- don’t do it on the f ly (like as you’re both getting coffee in the morning).What Tools Should You Have Ready to Go?Even though you’ve likely been at your job for a while, don’t rely on your boss’s institutional memory of what you’ve done. Be prepared to come up with your â€Å"I deserve a raise today† package from scratch. This is especially true if your current boss isn’t the one who hired you. Don’t make him or her dig through your HR file to get your resume from six years ago. Here’s what you should be prepared to bring to your meeting:Updated resume. An up-to-date resume isn’t a betrayal of your employer, or a sign you’re looking to jump ship. It’s a smart tool to have: a current record of what you’ve accomplished in the time since you’ve been hired.A target salary range. Similar to a new hire, you should know what you’re worth, professionally. Use sites like the S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Pa yscale.com, Salary.com, and GlassDoor.com to figure out where you should be aiming. This can be good for two reasons: a) If you’re making less than other people in similar roles, that’s a great talking point to have; and b) it prevents you from asking for the Moon when you should be asking for, say, a modest moon rock.Non-salary considerations. Would your life be easier if you could work from home one day a week? Can you get three extra vacation days? These are things to consider, especially if your company isn’t able or willing to meet your â€Å"suggested† new salary.A plan B. If your company can’t or won’t compensate you to a level you deserve based on your achievements and experience, then what’s your next move? Do you sigh, keep the status quo, and try again next year? Or do you decide that this is no longer a company you want to work for? Before you talk with your boss, have a sense of what you will do, pending different outcome s.How Should You Approach It?Long before you approach your boss about a raise, make sure you’re performing at the top of your game. Take on extra responsibilities, and make sure everything’s documented. Seek out leadership opportunities within your company. And always, always have specific examples in mind. You’ll need to justify the extra money, so having concrete talking points as to how you’ve gone above and beyond will make it easier for your boss to either approve, or pass it along to the next level for consideration.25% of people that asked for a raise got more money than they were expectingThe politics can be tricky with an in-house request for a raise. After all, you’re not facing a faceless HR person or someone you met once for an interview. You’re approaching someone you’ve worked with, possibly for a long time. According to research by Undercover Recruiter, people are anxious in general about asking for a raise- as many as 39% of people are hesitant to dive into the process, with a scant 26% of women and 40% of men feeling confident enough to go for it: Once you’ve gathered your data points and gathered the courage to approach your manager about a raise, make sure you keep a balanced, professional tone throughout. Even if you and your boss are best buds, remember that this is a relationship-neutral zone: he or she can’t reward you just for being a hilarious friend, or a co-conspirator in office shenanigans. Remember that you’re negotiating something as a professional, so act like the consummate professional who deserves more compensation.When Do You Settle? Or, When Do You Walk Away?Unlike a new job offer salary negotiation, you don’t have the same luxury of walking away from the process. If your boss says no, you still have to show up at work the next day. This is where your Plan B comes in handy. If you’d already decided that you’re going to move on if the c ompany doesn’t give you a raise, don’t quit in a snit. Calmly end the conversation with your boss, and quietly make plans to look for your next job opportunity. Remember, it’s easier to look for a job while you have a job, so don’t give up in anger and endanger your security in the meantime.So what do you think? Are you ready to approach your next salary discussion like the keen-eyed shark you can be?RELATED:  11 Tips for Getting the Salary You Want

Publicly traded corporation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Publicly traded corporation - Assignment Example By doing so, when customers go for shopping, they get quality products and quality assistance from the attendants thereby making the customers feel delighted and satisfied (Karen, 2001). With this vision, Woolworth ensures that the customers make repeat sales. The organizations vision is â€Å"to continue to drive its retail business, bring to customers greater convenience, quality, lower prices and better value, range, freshness and service.† The whole reason for an organization to have a vision is to remain relevant in the industry and to ensure its sustainability in the future. With this vision, Woolworth has embarked on industry and market research in order to ensure its survival in the industry. Its survival depends on the growth of the company, the growth of its employees, satisfaction of its customer base, quality and durable products, affordable and competitive prices, innovation, creativity and better customer service. (Comyns, 2000). The stakeholders also have an imp act on the success of any organization. Stakeholders are people who have interests in an organization. Stake holders in an organization include investors, shareholders, staff suppliers, customers, governing bodies and suppliers, business partners, trade associations and the community that surrounds the organization. All these stakeholders have to be satisfied by the company, thus Woolworth as an organization with stakeholders has to work hard towards the satisfaction of its stakeholders, and when they are satisfied, it means that the business is successful. Stakeholders play an important role in the success of the company, thus Woolworth aims at appreciating the importance of the stakeholders in the organization. Apart from this, the organization involves the stakeholders in the development, implementation and managing of business goals and objectives. Woolworth also informs the stake holders of culture associated with the company. Furthermore, Woolworth ensures a good relationship with the stake holders to avoid any disruption of the business. When a section of the stakeholders demand a resource, the company plans for the particular resource, ensures the particular stake holder is satisfied and that the business continues with its smooth operation. Woolworth also ensures flow of communication between the company and the stakeholders at all times when something happens. Lastly, Woolworth arranges for community development projects, medical camps and educational sessions for the stakeholders (Anderson, 2005). All these are done to satisfy the stakeholders as they are important to the success of the company. Five forces of competition to determine how they impact the company Rivalry in the industry Woolworth faces competition from four major competitors namely Sears, Wal-Mart, Kmart and Kholac Corporation. These are the main players in the industry each with a large customer base. Since these five companies are the main players, the industry has been slow in gro wth because the market has been dominated by these retail giants. Woolworth has to compete with these other equally successful organizations. It therefore has to up its game in terms of employee satisfaction and motivation, customer delight and satisfaction and innovation (Institution, 2011). Woolworth has to ensure that the products it holds in its shelves

ECOSYSTEM TOXIC THREAT RISK ASSESSMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ECOSYSTEM TOXIC THREAT RISK ASSESSMENT - Essay Example Transport can be the moving of people from one place to the next or the movement of goods and other items such as raw materials from their sources to the manufacturing site. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), vehicle exhaust fumes have been confirmed to contain carcinogens; a statement that is further confirmed by the World health Organization (WHO) which said that the fumes expelled by diesel vehicles contain a harmful amount of carcinogens that may harm people who take them in through breathing. The National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) back up this information by confirmation of the information stated above (Thakur and Haru 64). From the website Answers.com, the toll of exhaust fumes to the environment is high since they affect a wide range of the components of the environment from human beings, animals and the environment in general. With components such as lead and sulfur emissions, there are many detrimental effects of exhaust fumes to the environment (Monosson 44). From the class notes and the course being undertaken, it has been proven that vehicle exhaust emissions form a large part of the green house gases that are responsible for the increase in the temperature of the earth in what is called global warming. While there is information from many sources against the high amounts of vehicle exhaust gases and fumes and their contribution to global warming in general, the website eHow.com has an argument that depicts vehicle fumes as only having little effect on the environment compared to the other sources of pollution like industries. The author of this article argues that it is not right to put blame on vehicle exhaust fumes as the main cause of global warming when it is this area that had had the most improvement in terms of eliminating the negative impacts to the environment (Barrow 71). It is thus a great topic to choose upon given that is has a lot of information and topics for discussion. Section Two: Vulnerability of the Environment to Vehicle Fumes The impact of vehicle exhaust fumes is majorly chronic in its impact on the environment. Since the impact of many polluting elements is chronic to the environment, those of exhaust fumes follow the same path and have the same impact. This is due to the reason that it takes some time for the chemical elements in the fumes, which are mostly little in amount, to accumulate to harmful levels and thus affect the environment (Jones 86). The threat from vehicle exhaust fumes is also systemic (ecosystem) in nature given the fact that it affects the environment as a whole. The elements released by vehicles and the gases that accompany them add up to cause not only diseases in animals and human beings but also cause global warming that affects the whole ecosystem (Gupta 45). No specific species is targeted by the negative effects of these chemicals since they affect all the living species from plants to animals in equal measure. S ection Three: Risk Assessment The risk level from exhaust fumes is very real given that each day; a very large amount of fumes is released by vehicles all over the world. The number of vehicles owned especially by private individuals increases every single day given that more and more people are affording to buy vehicles for their personal use and other purposes. Even with efforts that are

Was the Civil War Inevitable Essay Example for Free

Was the Civil War Inevitable Essay Was the Civil War inevitable? This was one of the most controversial arguments in American history. Personally, I think this war would happen sooner or later. The long-term cause was the different ideas on the slavery system between the North and the South. After the Confederates attacked Fort Sumter, the Civil War began. Slavery was the biggest problem between the North and the South. The economy in the south relied on agriculture. The owners of big plantations required thousands of slaves to work for them in order to earn profits. Oppositely, in the north, the industrial revolution began. Plenty of new factories were built and they needed lots of workers. At the same time, lots of immigrants from countries such as Germany, Britain and Ireland, came to the north. Almost all of them had the same purpose which was to achieve the â€Å"American Dream†. They believed that if they worked hard, they could be rich eventually. They strongly opposed the slavery system because almost of them were poor in their countries. They believed that everyone was born equal and people should be treated equally, too. As the population grew rapidly in the north, the situation in the House of Representatives changed as well. The South now had fewer representatives and fewer advantages. They were really horrified. There were several key events heated up the rivalry and led up to the Civil War, some of these were the Wilmot Proviso, Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott decision in the Supreme Court, John Brown at Harpers Ferry and the military action in Fort Sumter. â€Å"The Wilmot Proviso claimed that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory† (Remini, Page 127). Finally the Proviso was passed and southerners were angry about it. Later on, in Kansas, â€Å"violence erupted between free men and slaveholders that degenerated into a local civil war† (Remini, Page 137). It brought the tension between the North and the South into a higher level. Dred Scott, a black slave, sued for his freedom and citizenship. After that, what John Brown did really brought some kind of horror to southerners. â€Å"He led a raid that he hoped would ignite a slave insurrection† (Remini, Page 140). He seized the federal arsenal there and killed some southerners. The direct cause of the Civil War was the military action at Fort Sumter. President Lincoln decided to provision Fort Sumter in the Charleston harbor. Confederates attacked the fort and the Civil War began. In my opinion, the American Civil War was inevitable. The root cause was the existence of the slavery system. It  slowed down the industrial development of the North, but helped the plantation system in the South. Both sides argued whether slavery should be allowed in the new states or not. They had no way to come up with an agreement. After Lincoln was elected to be the president, some southern states quit the Union and formed a new â€Å"Union†. In order to protect and maintain the Union of the states, the battle between the North and the South finally started. As a result, throughout the American Civil War, the slavery system was abolished in the United States. It really cleared the â€Å"barrier† of capitalism, which was the slavery system, and spurred the U.S. economy rapidly on.

Science vs Religion Essay -- Religion vs Education Essays

"Religion is part of the human make-up. It's also part of our cultural and intellectual history. Religion was our first attempt at literature, the texts, our first attempt at cosmology, making sense of where we are in the universe, our first attempt at health care, believing in faith healing, our first attempt at philosophy." --- Christopher Hitchens With the loud protests of a small number of religious groups over teaching scientific concepts like evolution and the Big Bang in public schools, and the equally loud proclamations of a few scientists with personal, anti-religious philosophies, it can sometimes seem as though science and religion are at war. News outlets offer plenty of reports of school board meetings, congressional sessions, and Sunday sermons in which scientists and religious leaders launch attacks at one another. But just how representative are such conflicts? Not very. The attention given to such clashes glosses over the far more numerous cases in which science and religion harmoniously coexist. The fact is, there are a great number of Americans out there ...

Cover Letter Essay

I would like to apply for the role of Intermediate Support Developer in your organization as the details of the job role and company itself are very appealing to me. I have enclosed my resume for your consideration. I am an enthusiastic and high-achieving IT professional with a Masters of Computer Science. I have exceptional technical and analytical skills, with over 3 years’ experience in providing application support at level 1 and 2 for critical business applications with additional duties of unit and integration testing, technical documentation and prioritising and allocation of user tickets. I possess the ability to take initiative with a positive and friendly attitude. My excellent communication skill helps me understand user’s requirements to provide them with an excellent customer service. Working in a highly dynamic work environment, has given me the sound knowledge of interacting with business users and external stake holders, finding technical solutions, answering questions quickly, and leaving a mark of satisfaction in customer’s mind. You will find me to be positive, ready to learn and hardworking who has ability to multitask and communicate effectively with non-technical users. I believe my attitude, expertise, skills, and excellent time management skills will prove to be an asset to the organization. Thank you for your time and I look forward to hearing from you.

Belbins Roles In Learning Education Essay

This study is all about our group work. How we formed the group and completed the work. What jobs we faced and how we overcome them. Theories we used and the acquisition ‘s. My study is divided into 2 parts: A and B. Part A – how we did it – procedure Part B – what we did – contentPart – AngstromWhilst working in the group we experienced so many things, we besides learn how of import group work is. We besides learnt how to work in the group as a squad participant. We besides noticed as a group we had gone through all the phases which are said by B W Tuckman, which is as follows:FORMINGThis is the phase where we formed our group. We were in group â€Å" D † which was formed by our professor indiscriminately and I got the chance to take the group with the common consent of all group members. Our group consist of 6 members and their descriptions are follows:NameBelbin functionsDescriptionStrengthsFailingShatrughna ( raj )squad leaderTeam worker Cares for persons and the squad. Good hearer and works to decide societal jobs. Can hold jobs doing hard determinations. Co-operative, mild, perceptive and diplomatic Listens, physiques, averts clash Indecisive in crunch state of affairssVijay SinghCompleter Closer Faithfully sees things through to the terminal, pressing out the furrows and guaranting everything plants good. Can worry excessively much and non trust others. Painstaking, careful and dying Searchs out errors and skips Delivers on clip Inclined to worry overly Unwilling to deputeShervinCo -ordinator Respected leader who helps everyone focal point on their undertaking. Can be seen as overly commanding. Mature, confident, a good president Explains ends, promotes decision-making, delegates good Can frequently be seen as manipulative Off tonss personal workGinsySpecialist Has expert knowledge/skills in cardinal countries and will work out many jobs here. Can be disinterested in all other countries. Single-minded, self-starting, dedicated Provides cognition and accomplishments in rare supply Contributes merely on a narrow forepart Dwells on triflesKayMaker Tonss of energy and action, disputing others to travel forwards. Can be insensitive. Challenging, dynamic and thrives on force per unit area The thrust and bravery to get the better of obstructions Prone to aggravation Offends people ‘s feelingsAZeeshanResource research worker Explores new thoughts and possibilities with energy and with others. Good networker. Can be excessively optimistic and lose energy after the initial flower. Extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative Explores chances Develops contacts Over-optimistic Loses involvement one time initial enthusiasm has passed From the above tabular array we can understand that we had every possible Belbin ‘s characters in our group. Bing the leader of the group I had the duty of our success and failure. My biggest challenge was to maintain integrity within the group and at the same clip I had to concentrate on our undertaking: things like subject, research and all. First thing I did was the debut session, where we all sat together in the canteen and introduced ourselves to each other. In that clip we didnt speak anything about our subject and undertaking. The chief thought was to cognize each other really good so that everyone feels comfy in working together. Following measure was how we will pass on with each other so I made a private web site for our squad where we all can come any clip and unrecorded confab, web log, remark and interchange our thoughts.www.freewebs.com/time4studyLearning:High dependance on leader for counsel and way. Small understanding on squad aims other than received from leader. Individual functions and duties are ill-defined. Leader must be prepared to reply tonss of inquiries about the squad ‘s intent, aims and external relationships. Procedures are frequently ignored. Members test tolerance of system and leader. Leader directs ( similar to Situational LeadershipA ® ‘Telling ‘ manner ) .STORMINGThis is the phase where I realised the importance of Belbin ‘s theory. Before get downing the undertaking we had to take a subject so I came up with several subjects. When I put my thoughts in forepart of everyone, I got different responses from different people, as said in belbin ‘s theory people started demoing their characters. We all were confused, tensed and started sort of contending. Thingss were looking truly bad and I was truly disquieted about the integrity in the group. I besides saw a sort of group formation within our group. Then I personally approached everyone. I spoke to them separately about what ‘s incorrect. What is the job? I tried my best to convert them about the importance of integrity and fortuitously I got a positive response. Actually there was no job ; it ‘s merely the clang of different personalities. And subsequently on everyone realised that. So eventually we decided on one subject and consulted our coach about our thought. We got really good response from our coach and once more we were happy and united.Learning:Decisions do n't come easy within group. Team members vie for place as they attempt to set up themselves in relation to other squad members and the leader, who might have challenges from squad members. Clarity of purpose additions but plentifulness of uncertainnesss persist. Cliques and cabals signifier and there may be power battles. The squad needs to be focused on its ends to avoid going distracted by relationships and emotional issues. Compromises may be required to enable advancement. Leader managers ( similar to Situational LeadershipA ® ‘Selling ‘ manner ) .NORMINGNow everything was clear, there was no misinterpretation and most significantly we knew our subject of research. This is the phase where people started sharing their jobs with each other and recognized my function as a squad leader. Now I wanted to organize everything decently so that we do n't halt in the center. I distributed the work and gave them the option for any alterations. I asked everyone separately if they are happy or non. Again I had to do some alterations in our programs for their convenience. Now, we knew precisely what everyone had to make. Everyone knew their functions, their country of research and work. We all started concentrating on our portion of research.Raj( Research, information assemblage, organizing, accounts, debut and decision, assisting everyone )Vijay( Problems, types, illustrations, impact, planing, )Ginsy( Psychological jobs, impact )Shervin( Solutions and recommendations )ZeeshanHelping custodiesKayHelping custodiesLearning:Agreement and consensus is mostly formed amongst squad, who respond good to facilitation by leader. Roles and duties are clear and accepted. Large determinations are made by group understanding. Smaller determinations may be delegated to persons or little squads within group. Commitment and integrity is strong. The squad may prosecute in merriment and societal activities. The squad discusses and develops its procedures and working manner. There is general regard for the leader and some of leading is more shared by the squad. Leader f acilitates and enables ( similar to the Situational LeadershipA ® ‘Participating ‘ manner ) .ActingUndertakings were given now the clip was to execute and everyone had to demo their quality. Result was flooring. We all shared our work and we all were really happy to see that we were on the right path. Personally, I was really happy to see the quality of our work. Everyone had done tonss of difficult work which was demoing in the research stuff. I had great trouble while finalizing the presentation. I was confused about what to see in the presentation and what should go forth. Fortunately everyone were collaborating and believing about what is best for the group. We finished our presentation and were thirstily waiting for showing it in forepart of everyone.Learning:The squad is more strategically cognizant ; the squad knows clearly what it is making and why it is making. The squad has a shared vision and is able to stand on its ain pess with no intervention or engagemen t from the leader. There is a focal point on over-achieving ends, and the squad makes most of the determinations against standards agreed with the leader. The squad has a high grade of liberty. Disagreements occur but now they are resolved within the squad positively and necessary alterations to procedures and construction are made by the squad. The squad is able to work towards accomplishing the end, and besides to go to to relationship, manner and procedure issues along the manner. Team members look after each other. The squad requires delegated undertakings and undertakings from the leader. The squad does non necessitate to be instructed or assisted. Team members might inquire for aid from the leader with personal and interpersonal development. Leader delegates and oversees ( similar to the Situational LeadershipA ® ‘Delegating ‘ manner ) .ADJOURNINGLearning:Tuckman ‘s 5th phase, Adjourning, is the break-up of the group, hopefully when the undertaking is compl eted successfully, its intent fulfilled ; everyone can travel on to new things, experiencing good about what ‘s been achieved. From an organisational position, acknowledgment of and sensitiveness to people ‘s exposures in Tuckman ‘s 5th phase is helpful, peculiarly if members of the group have been closely bonded and experience a sense of insecurity or menace from this alteration. Feelingss of insecurity would be natural for people with high ‘steadiness ‘ properties ( as respects the ‘four dispositions ‘ or DISC theoretical account ) and with strong modus operandi and empathy manner ( as respects theA BenzigerA believing manners theoretical account, right and left basal encephalon laterality ) .Part – BacillusWhat is our subject? Our subject of presentation and research was â€Å" employee favoritism † Why we chose this subject? While analyzing human resources we noticed that we did n't discourse about diverseness and favoritism and this is the biggest job faced by all administrations because of globalization. We thought this is a alone subject and everyone will acquire the opportunity to larn how favoritism impacts and what is the solution. After all today or tomorrow we all are traveling to confront this job.My part:As a squad leader I had to take the enterprise and inspire others from my work. I started posting my work on our web site. I did research on – Diversity and favoritism, Meaning and definitions London as a diverse metropolis Problems and impact Solutions and recommendations Laws and moralss My entire work was around 10,000 words. ( Can be viewed on our web site ) hypertext transfer protocol: //time4study.webs.com/apps/blog/My work methodological analysis:Undertakingaˆ? specify the undertaking aˆ? make the program aˆ? allocate work and resources aˆ? control quality and rate of work aˆ? cheque public presentation against program aˆ? adjust the programTeamaˆ? maintain subject aˆ? physique squad spirit aˆ? encourage, motivate, give a sense of intent aˆ? appoint sub-leaders aˆ? guarantee communicating within group aˆ? develop the groupMembershipSize of the groupCompatibility of membersDiversenessIndividualaˆ? attend to personal jobs aˆ? congratulations persons aˆ? give position aˆ? recognize and utilize single abilities aˆ? develop the personCardinal Drivers:Group coherence + public presentationStructure and mannerManagement and leadingSuccessExternal menaceWork environmentNature ofthe undertakingPhysicalputingCommunicationTechnologyGroup development and adulthoodFormingRampingNormingPerformingLearning as Team leader:Learning as team leader:Ideal taking mannerAsking inquiries alternatively of giving repliesBy inquiring such inquiries such as â€Å" What do you believe we should make? † or â€Å" How make you propose we continue? † you take a measure behind another individual. Whether you stay behind, of class, depends on your purpose to really follow the suggestion or reply of that other individual.Supplying chances for others to take youThis goes beyond the traditional impression of looking for growing chances for other people. Unless the chance in inquiry bears a existent hazard for your personal public presentation result, you are non really positioning yourself as a follower.Ma king existent work in support of others alternatively of merely the contraryRolling up your arms and lending â€Å" perspiration equity † to the attempts and results of other people earns you their grasp as person upon whom they can depend, irrespective of the comparative hierarchical or functional place each of you holds.Leader must follow are:Individual public presentationAs a leader, you must follow another person, irrespective of hierarchy, if: aˆ? That person, through experience, accomplishment, and opinion, knows best. aˆ? That person ‘s growing demands that you invest more in his or her accomplishment and assurance than in your ain. aˆ? Merely that single, non you, has the capacity ( the clip and chance ) to â€Å" acquire it done †Team public presentationAs a leader, you must follow the squad if: aˆ? The squad ‘s intent and public presentation ends demand it aˆ? The squad, non you, must develop accomplishments and assurance aˆ? The squad ‘s agreed-upon working attack requires you, like all the others, to make existent workOrganizational public presentationAs a leader, you must follow others, irrespective of hierarchy, if: aˆ? The organisation ‘s intent and public presentation ends demand it aˆ? The demand for spread outing the leading capacity of others in the organisation requires it aˆ? â€Å" Living † the vision and values enjoins you to make soFive transformational manners:Transformational StyleLeader Behaviour1 ) Idealized Behaviors: populating one ‘s ideals aˆ? Talk about their most of import values and beliefs aˆ? Specify the importance of holding a strong sense of intent aˆ? See the moral and ethical effects of determinations aˆ? Champion exciting new possibilities aˆ? Talk about the importance of swearing each other2 ) Inspirational Motivation:animating others aˆ? Talk optimistically about the hereafter aˆ? Talk enthusiastically about what needs to be accomplished aˆ? Articulate a compelling vision of the hereafter aˆ? Express assurance that ends will be achieved aˆ? Provide an exciting image of what is indispensable to see aˆ? Take a base on controversial issues3 ) Intellectual Stimulation:exciting others aˆ? Re-examine critical premises to oppugn whether they are appropriate aˆ? Seek differing positions when work outing jobs aˆ? Get others to look at jobs from many different angles aˆ? Suggest new ways of looking at how to finish assignments aˆ? Encourage non-traditional thought to cover with traditional jobs aˆ? Encourage rethinking those thoughts which have ne'er been questioned before 4 ) Individualized Consideration: coaching and development aˆ? Spend clip instruction and coaching aˆ? Treat others as persons instead than merely as members of the group aˆ? Consider persons as holding different demands, abilities, and aspirations from others aˆ? Help others to develop their strengths aˆ? Listen attentively to others ‘ concerns aˆ? Promote ego development5 ) Idealized Properties:Respect, trust, and religion aˆ? Instill pride in others for being associated with them aˆ? Go beyond their opportunisms for the good of the group aˆ? Act in ways that build others ‘ regard aˆ? Display a sense of power and competency aˆ? Make personal forfeits for others ‘ benefit aˆ? Reassure others that obstructions will be overcomeDecisionAlthough non every group got to the harmonic public presentation phase, I felt really lucky to be portion of a cohesive group. Our group went through all five phases described by Tuckman. As we were schoolmates in the same class, we went through phase one really rapidly. The storming phase largely evolved in the first hebdomad when we discussed which sort of subject we should take. However, every struggle was dealt with rapidly and swimmingly, this was partially because we knew each other really good already, and besides because no 1 of us had a ascendant personality, and I would wish to state everyone in our group was really nice, helpful and difficult working. So every bit long as we decided to make the undertaking, we shortly engaged to norming phase and put up the regulations each one should follow. We did back up each other, and our communicating had ever been really good. Based on the successful old phases, our g roup performed really good, successfully developed the presentation. Finally, although our undertaking had finished, all five of us became really good friends, and maintain in good touch boulder clay now. After reexamining the theories together with my ain experience, I would reason that, in pattern, many groups can work good even without consciousness of this theoretical account. However, with these theoretical accounts ‘ aid, we can break understand what is go oning and traveling to go on during group development, and this consciousness can assist us to better decide any possible jobs and acquire to the perform phase more rapidly.

Overview of The Education of Women by Daniel Defoe

Overview of 'The Education of Women' by Daniel Defoe Best known as the author of Robinson Crusoe  (1719), Daniel Defoe was an extremely versatile and prolific author. A journalist as well as a novelist, he produced more than 500 books, pamphlets, and journals. The following essay first appeared in 1719, the same year in which Defoe published the first volume of Robinson Crusoe. Observe how he directs his appeals to a male audience as he develops his argument that women should be allowed full and ready access to education. The Education of Women by Daniel Defoe I have often thought of it as one of the most barbarous customs in the world, considering us as a civilized and a Christian country, that we deny the advantages of learning to women. We reproach the sex every day with folly and impertinence; while I am confident, had they the advantages of education equal to us, they would be guilty of less than ourselves. One would wonder, indeed, how it should happen that women are conversible at all; since they are only beholden to natural parts, for all their knowledge. Their youth is spent to teach them to stitch and sew or make baubles. They are taught to read, indeed, and perhaps to write their names, or so; and that is the height of a woman’s education. And I would but ask any who slight the sex for their understanding, what is a man (a gentleman, I mean) good for, that is taught no more? I need not give instances, or examine the character of a gentleman, with a good estate, or a good family, and with tolerable parts; and examine what figure he makes for want of education. The soul is placed in the body like a rough diamond; and must be polished, or the luster of it will never appear. And ’tis manifest, that as the rational soul distinguishes us from brutes; so education carries on the distinction, and makes some less brutish than others. This is too evident to need any demonstration. But why then should women be denied the benefit of instruction? If knowledge and understanding had been useless additions to the sex, GOD Almighty would never have given them capacities; for he made nothing needless. Besides, I would ask such, What they can see in ignorance, that they should think it a necessary ornament to a woman? or how much worse is a wise woman than a fool? or what has the woman done to forfeit the privilege of being taught? Does she plague us with her pride and impertinence? Why did we not let her learn, that she might have had more wit? Shall we upbraid women with folly, when ’tis only the error of this inhuman custom, that hindered t hem from being made wiser? The capacities of women are supposed to be greater, and their senses quicker than those of the men; and what they might be capable of being bred to, is plain from some instances of female wit, which this age is not without. Which upbraids us with Injustice, and looks as if we denied women the advantages of education, for fear they should vie with the men in their improvements. [They] should be taught all sorts of breeding suitable both to their genius and quality. And in particular, Music and Dancing; which it would be cruelty to bar the sex of, because they are their darlings. But besides this, they should be taught languages, as particularly French and Italian: and I would venture the injury of giving a woman more tongues than one. They should, as a particular study, be taught all the graces of speech, and all the necessary air of conversation; which our common education is so defective in, that I need not expose it. They should be brought to read books, and especially history; and so to read as to make them understand the world, and be able to know and judge of things when they hear of them. To such whose genius would lead them to it, I would deny no sort of learning; but the chief thing, in general, is to cultivate the understandings of the sex, that they may be capable of all sorts of conversation; that their parts and judgments being improved, they may be as profitable in their conversation as they are pleasant. Women, in my observation, have little or no difference in them, but as they are or are not distinguished by education. Tempers, indeed, may in some degree influence them, but the main distinguishing part is their Breeding. The whole sex are generally quick and sharp. I believe, I may be allowed to say, generally so: for you rarely see them lumpish and heavy, when they are children; as boys will often be. If a woman be well bred, and taught the proper management of her natural wit, she proves generally very sensible and retentive. And, without partiality, a woman of sense and manners is the finest and most delicate part of Gods Creation, the glory of Her Maker, and the great instance of His singular regard to man, His darling creature: to whom He gave the best gift either God could bestow or man receive. And ’tis the sordidest piece of folly and ingratitude in the world, to withhold from the sex the due luster which the advantages of education gives to the natural beauty of their minds. A woman well bred and well taught, furnished with the additional accomplishments of knowledge and behavior, is a creature without comparison. Her society is the emblem of sublimer enjoyments, her person is angelic, and her conversation heavenly. She is all softness and sweetness, peace, love, wit, and delight. She is every way suitable to the sublimest wish, and the man that has such a one to his portion, has nothing to do but to rejoice in her, and be thankful. On the other hand, Suppose her to be the very same woman, and rob her of the benefit of education, and it follows- - If her temper be good, want of education makes her soft and easy. Her wit, for want of teaching, makes her impertinent and talkative. Her knowledge, for want of judgment and experience, makes her fanciful and whimsical. If her temper be bad, want of breeding makes her worse; and she grows haughty, insolent, and loud. If she be passionate, want of manners makes her a termagant and a scold, which is much at one with Lunatic. If she be proud, want of discretion (which still is breeding) makes her conceited, fantastic, and ridiculous. And from these she degenerates to be turbulent, clamorous, noisy, nasty, the devil! The great distinguishing difference, which is seen in the world between men and women, is in their education; and this is manifested by comparing it with the difference between one man or woman, and another. And herein it is that I take upon me to make such a bold assertion, That all the world are mistaken in their practice about women. For I cannot think that God Almighty ever made them so delicate, so glorious creatures; and furnished them with such charms, so agreeable and so delightful to mankind; with souls capable of the same accomplishments with men: and all, to be only Stewards of our Houses, Cooks, and Slaves. Not that I am for exalting the female government in the least: but, in short, I would have men take women for companions, and educate them to be fit for it. A woman of sense and breeding will scorn as much to encroach upon the prerogative of man, as a man of sense will scorn to oppress the weakness of the woman. But if the women’s souls were refined and improved by teaching, that word would be lost. To say, the weakness of the sex, as to judgment, would be nonsense; for ignorance and folly would be no more to be found among women than men. I remember a passage, which I heard from a very fine woman. She had wit and capacity enough, an extraordinary shape and face, and a great fortune: but had been cloistered up all her time; and for fear of being stolen, had not had the liberty of being taught the common necessary knowledge of women’s affairs. And when she came to converse in the world, her natural wit made her so sensible of the want of education, that she gave this short reflection on herself: I am ashamed to talk with my very maids, says she, for I don’t know when they do right or wrong. I had more need go to school, than be married. I need not enlarge on the loss the defect of education is to the sex; nor argue the benefit of the contrary practice. ’Tis a thing will be more easily granted than remedied. This chapter is but an Essay at the thing: and I refer the Practice to those Happy Days (if ever they shall be) when men shall be wise enough to mend it.